Reactions with radioactive nuclear beams at relativistic energies have opened new doors to clarify the mechanisms of stellar evolution and cataclysmic events involving stars and during the big bang epoch. Numerous nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest cannot be assessed directly in laboratory experiments. Ironically, some of the information needed to describe such reactions, at extremely low energies (e.g., keVs), can only be studied on Earth by using relativistic collisions between heavy ions at GeV energies. In this contribution, we make a short review of experiments with relativistic radioactive beams and of the theoretical methods needed to understand the physics of stars, adding to the knowledge inferred from astronomical observations. We continue by introducing a more detailed description of how the use of relativistic radioactive beams can help to solve astrophysical puzzles and several successful experimental methods. State-of-the-art theories are discussed at some length with the purpose of helping us understand the experimental results reported. The review is not complete and we have focused most of it to traditional methods aiming at the determination of the equation of state of symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter and the role of the symmetry energy. Whenever possible, under the limitations of our present understanding of experimental data and theory, we try to pinpoint the information still missing to further understand how stars evolve, explode, and how their internal structure might be.

中文翻译：

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使用相对论放射性束的核天体物理学中的间接方法

在相对论能量下与放射性核束的反应为阐明恒星演化和涉及恒星以及大爆炸时期的灾难性事件的机制打开了新的大门。许多具有天体物理学意义的核反应无法在实验室实验中直接评估。具有讽刺意味的是，描述这种在极低能量（例如，keVs）下的反应所需的一些信息只能在地球上通过使用 GeV 能量的重离子之间的相对论碰撞来研究。在这篇文章中，我们简要回顾了相对论放射性束的实验和理解恒星物理所需的理论方法，增加了从天文观测中推断出的知识。我们继续更详细地描述相对论放射性束的使用如何帮助解决天体物理学难题和几种成功的实验方法。对最先进的理论进行了一定程度的讨论，目的是帮助我们理解报告的实验结果。回顾并不完整，我们已经将大部分内容集中在旨在确定对称和不对称核物质的状态方程以及对称能的作用的传统方法上。只要有可能，在我们目前对实验数据和理论理解的限制下，我们试图找出仍然缺失的信息，以进一步了解恒星如何演化、爆炸以及它们的内部结构可能如何。