Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse, nanoscale membrane vesicles released by cells into the circulation. As an emerging class of circulating biomarkers, EVs contain a trove of molecular information and play important roles in mediating intercellular communication. These EV molecular cargoes are differentially organized in the vesicles; they could be inherited from the parent cells or bound to the EV membrane through surface interactions. While the inherited constituents could serve as cell surrogate biomarkers, extravesicular association could reflect structural states of the bound molecules, revealing distinct subpopulations with different biophysical and/or biochemical properties. Despite the clinical potential of EVs and their diverse contents, conventional sensing technologies have limited compatibility to reveal nanoscale EV features. Complementary analytical platforms are being developed to address these technical challenges and expand the biomedical applications of EVs, to establish novel correlations and empower new diagnostics. This article provides a perspective on recent developments in sensor technologies to profile the diverse contents-different molecular types, quantities, and organizational states-in extracellular vesicles.

中文翻译：

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细胞外囊泡的新传感器：组成成分及相关生物标记物的见解。

细胞外囊泡（EVs）是由细胞释放到循环中的多种纳米级膜囊泡。作为一种新兴的循环生物标志物，电动汽车包含大量分子信息，并在介导细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用。这些EV分子货物在囊泡中的组织方式不同。它们可以从亲本细胞继承，也可以通过表面相互作用与EV膜结合。虽然遗传的成分可以用作细胞替代生物标记，但囊泡外结合可以反映结合分子的结构状态，揭示具有不同生物物理和/或生化特性的不同亚群。尽管电动汽车具有临床潜力和其多样化的内容，但传统的传感技术在显示纳米级电动汽车功能方面的兼容性有限。正在开发补充分析平台，以解决这些技术挑战并扩展电动汽车的生物医学应用，以建立新颖的关联性并赋予新的诊断能力。本文为传感器技术的最新发展提供了一个视角，以概述细胞外囊泡中的各种内容-不同的分子类型，数量和组织状态。