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Direct arylation of heteroarenes by PEPPSI-type palladium–NHC complexes and representative quantum chemical calculations for the compound which the structure was determined by X-ray crystallography
Journal of Coordination Chemistry ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-02 , DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1692202
Neslihan Şahin 1, 2, 3 , Goncagül Serdaroğlu 4 , Serpil Demir Düşünceli 2, 3 , Muhammad Navaz Tahir 5 , Cengiz Arıcı 6 , İsmail Özdemir 2, 3
Affiliation  

Abstract In this study, we synthesized five new PEPPSI-type Pd-NHC complexes with high yields around 78–83%. The structures of all complexes were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopies. Further, the structure of 2c was determined by X-ray crystallography. The single-crystal structure of 2c shows that coordination geometry around Pd is distorted square planar. The Pd-NHC complexes were efficient catalysts for the direct C5-arylation of 2-n-butylthiazole, 2-n-butylfuran, and 2-n-butylthiophene with various aryl-bromides and showed high catalytic activity for arylation reaction using only 1 mol% catalyst loading at 130 °C for 1 h. The conversions for substrates containing electron-withdrawing groups were higher than for substituents containing electron-donating groups. In order to evaluate the catalytic activity of the complexes, representative electronic and spectroscopic simulations by DFT method have been performed for 2c. NBO analysis has revealed that the strongest interaction contributing to the lowering of the molecular stabilization energy for 2c is predicted as π(C11-N27) → π*(N26-C28) with E(2) = 73.93 kcal mol−1. In addition, FMO analysis has implied that 2c is more chemically reactive because of its lower energy gap value. According to the other quantum chemical parameters, 2c is softer, better electrophile and has more charge-transfer capability than 1c. Graphical Abstract

中文翻译:

PEPPSI 型钯-NHC 配合物对杂芳烃的直接芳基化以及该化合物的代表性量子化学计算,其结构由 X 射线晶体学确定

摘要 在这项研究中,我们合成了五种新的 PEPPSI 型 Pd-NHC 配合物,产率约为 78-83%。所有配合物的结构均通过 FT-IR、1H NMR 和 13C{1H} NMR 光谱表征。此外,2c 的结构是通过 X 射线晶体学确定的。2c 的单晶结构表明 Pd 周围的配位几何是扭曲的方形平面。Pd-NHC 配合物是 2-n-丁基噻唑、2-n-丁基呋喃和 2-n-丁基噻吩与各种芳基溴化物直接 C5-芳基化的有效催化剂,仅使用 1 mol 即可对芳基化反应显示出高催化活性。 % 催化剂负载在 130 °C 下 1 小时。含有吸电子基团的底物的转化率高于含有给电子基团的取代基的转化率。为了评估配合物的催化活性,通过 DFT 方法对 2c 进行了代表性的电子和光谱模拟。NBO 分析表明,导致 2c 分子稳定能降低的最强相互作用预计为 π(C11-N27) → π*(N26-C28),其中 E(2) = 73.93 kcal mol-1。此外,FMO 分析表明 2c 具有更高的化学反应性,因为它的能隙值较低。根据其他量子化学参数,2c 比 1c 更柔软,亲电性更好,电荷转移能力更强。图形概要 NBO 分析表明,导致 2c 分子稳定能降低的最强相互作用预计为 π(C11-N27) → π*(N26-C28),其中 E(2) = 73.93 kcal mol-1。此外,FMO 分析表明 2c 具有更高的化学反应性,因为它的能隙值较低。根据其他量子化学参数,2c 比 1c 更柔软,亲电性更好,电荷转移能力更强。图形概要 NBO 分析表明,导致 2c 分子稳定能降低的最强相互作用预计为 π(C11-N27) → π*(N26-C28),其中 E(2) = 73.93 kcal mol-1。此外,FMO 分析表明 2c 具有更高的化学反应性,因为它的能隙值较低。根据其他量子化学参数,2c 比 1c 更柔软,亲电性更好,电荷转移能力更强。图形概要
更新日期:2019-11-02
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