BACKGROUND To systematically review and analyse the effects of Action Observation Training on adults and children with brain damage. METHODS Seven electronic databases (Cochrane, EBSCO, Embase, Eric, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched up to 16 September 2018 to select Randomized Controlled Trials focused on adults and children with brain damage that included AOT training on upper and/or lower limb carried out for at least 1 week. Identification of studies and data extraction was conducted with two reviewers working independently. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (March2009) - Levels of Evidence and Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale were used to grade studies. The data collected from the articles were analysed using software R, version 3.4.3. Hedge's g values were calculated and effect size estimates were pooled across studies. Separate meta-analyses were carried out for each ICF domain (i.e. body function and activity) for upper and lower limb. RESULTS Out of the 210 records identified after removing duplicates, 22 were selected for systematic review and 19 were included in the meta-analysis. Thirteen studies included in the meta-analysis focused on upper limb rehabilitation (4 in children and 9 in adults) and 6 on lower limb rehabilitation (only studies in adults). A total of 626 patients were included in the meta-analysis. An overall statistically significant effect size was found for upper limb body function (0.44, 95% CI: [0.24, 0.64], p < 0.001) and upper limb activity domain (0.47, 95% CI: [0.30, 0.64], p < 0.001). For lower limb, only the activity domain was analysed, revealing a statistically significant overall effect size (0.56, 95% CI: [0.28, 0.84], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Action Observation Training (AOT) is an innovative rehabilitation tool for individuals with brain damage, which shows promising results in improving the activity domain for upper and lower limbs, and also the body function domain for the upper limb. However, the examined studies lack uniformity and further well-designed, larger controlled trials are necessary to determine the most suitable type of AOT particularly in children. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION CRD42019119600.

中文翻译：

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脑损伤康复的行动观察训练：系统评价和荟萃分析。

背景 系统回顾和分析行动观察训练对脑损伤成人和儿童的影响。方法 7 个电子数据库（Cochrane、EBSCO、Embase、Eric、PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science）被搜索到 2018 年 9 月 16 日，以选择针对成人和儿童脑损伤的随机对照试验，包括上肢和/或下肢进行至少1周。研究的鉴定和数据提取由两名独立工作的评审员进行。牛津循证医学中心（2009 年 3 月）——使用证据水平和物理治疗证据数据库量表对研究进行评分。从文章中收集的数据使用软件 R 3.4.3 版进行分析。树篱' 计算了 sg 值，并在研究中汇总了效应量估计值。对上肢和下肢的每个 ICF 域（即身体功能和活动）进行了单独的荟萃分析。结果 在删除重复后确定的 210 条记录中，选择 22 条进行系统评价，19 条纳入荟萃分析。荟萃分析中纳入的 13 项研究侧重于上肢康复（儿童 4 项，成人 9 项）和 6 项下肢康复研究（仅针对成人的研究）。该荟萃分析共纳入 626 名患者。上肢身体功能 (0.44, 95% CI: [0.24, 0.64], p < 0.001) 和上肢活动域 (0.47, 95% CI: [0.30, 0.64], p < 0.001)。对于下肢，仅分析活动域，揭示了具有统计学意义的总体效应大小（0.56, 95% CI: [0.28, 0.84], p < 0.001）。结论 动作观察训练（AOT）是一种创新的脑损伤康复工具，在改善上下肢活动域和上肢身体功能域方面显示出良好的效果。然而，所检查的研究缺乏一致性，需要进一步精心设计、更大规模的对照试验来确定最适合儿童的 AOT 类型。系统审查注册 CRD42019119600。这在改善上肢和下肢的活动域以及上肢的身体功能域方面显示出有希望的结果。然而，所检查的研究缺乏一致性，需要进一步精心设计、更大规模的对照试验来确定最适合儿童的 AOT 类型。系统审查注册 CRD42019119600。这在改善上肢和下肢的活动域以及上肢的身体功能域方面显示出有希望的结果。然而，所检查的研究缺乏一致性，需要进一步精心设计、更大规模的对照试验来确定最适合儿童的 AOT 类型。系统审查注册 CRD42019119600。