Kidney transplantation has developed into a widespread procedure to treat end stage renal failure, with transplantation results improving over the years. Postoperative complications have decreased over the past decades, but are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Early accurate diagnosis and treatment is the key to prevent renal allograft impairment or even graft loss. Ideally, a diagnostic tool should be able to detect post-transplant renal dysfunction, differentiate between the different causes and monitor renal function during and after therapeutic interventions. Non-invasive imaging modalities for diagnostic purposes show promising results. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have a number of advantages, such as the lack of ionizing radiation and the possibility to obtain relevant tissue information without contrast, reducing the risk of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. However, most techniques still lack the specificity to distinguish different types of parenchymal diseases. Despite some promising outcomes, MRI is still barely used in the post-transplantation diagnostic process. The aim of this review is to survey the current literature on the relevance and clinical applicability of diagnostic MRI modalities for the detection of various types of complications after kidney transplantation.

中文翻译：

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MRI诊断肾移植后并发症：当前的最新状况和未来展望。

肾脏移植已发展成为治疗终末期肾衰竭的广泛方法，多年来移植效果不断改善。在过去的几十年中，术后并发症有所减少，但仍然是发病率和死亡率的重要原因。早期准确的诊断和治疗是预防肾脏同种异体移植甚至移植物丢失的关键。理想情况下，诊断工具应该能够检测出移植后的肾功能不全，区分不同的原因，并在治疗干预期间和之后监测肾功能。用于诊断目的的非侵入性成像方式显示出令人鼓舞的结果。磁共振成像（MRI）技术具有许多优势，例如缺少电离辐射以及无需对比即可获得相关组织信息的可能性，降低造影剂引起的肾毒性的风险。但是，大多数技术仍缺乏区分不同类型实质性疾病的特异性。尽管有一些令人鼓舞的结果，但MRI仍几乎没有用于移植后的诊断过程。这篇综述的目的是调查有关诊断性MRI模式在肾脏移植后检测各种并发症的相关性和临床适用性方面的最新文献。