Aspergillus carbonarius consistently produces large amounts of ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic effects on animals and humans. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptional changes associated to OTA production in three atypical non-ochratoxigenic strains of A. carbonarius. In addition, in vitro interactions between ochratoxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and A. niger and non-ochratoxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and A. tubingensis were studied in order to evaluate their potential for controlling OTA production. RNA-seq analysis revealed that there are 696 differentially expressed genes identified in the three non-OTA-producing strains, including 280 up-regulated and 333 down-regulated genes. A functional and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the processes related to metabolic and oxidation processes, associated with functions such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase activity were down regulated. All the genes related with OTA biosynthesis in A. carbonarius were the most down-regulated genes in non-ochratoxigenic strains. We also showed that these strains possess a deleterious mutation in the AcOTApks gene required for OTA biosynthesis. Moreover, one of these strains gave the best control of OTA production resulting in an OTA reduction of 98-100% in co-inoculation with an ochratoxigenic strain of A. niger and an OTA reduction of 79-89% with an ochratoxigenic strain of A. carbonarius. Results of this study provided novel insights into the knowledge of the OTA biosynthetic pathway in these non-ochratoxigenic wild strains, and showed the biocontrol potential of these strains.

中文翻译：

---

非-曲霉性碳曲霉菌株的转录组分析和一些黑曲霉菌种之间的相互作用。

碳曲霉会持续产生大量ra曲霉毒素A（OTA），这是一种对动物和人具有肾毒性作用的霉菌毒素。在本研究中，我们分析了三种非典型产非产毒毒素的碳曲霉菌株中与OTA产生相关的转录变化。此外，研究了产碳假单胞菌和黑曲霉的产毒毒素菌株与产碳假单胞菌和油曲霉的非产毒毒素菌株之间的体外相互作用，以评估其控制OTA生产的潜力。RNA-seq分析显示，在这三种非OTA产生菌株中鉴定出696个差异表达基因，其中包括280个上调基因和333个下调基因。功能和基因本体论富集分析表明，这些过程与代谢和氧化过程有关，与诸如氧化还原酶和水解酶活性的功能相关的被下调。在非产毒毒素菌株中，所有与碳假单胞菌OTA生物合成相关的基因都是被下调最严重的基因。我们还表明，这些菌株在OTA生物合成所需的AcOTApks基因中具有有害突变。此外，这些菌株中的一种能最好地控制OTA的产生，从而与黑曲霉的产毒毒素的菌株共同接种可使OTA降低98-100％，而与A的产毒毒素的菌株的OTA降低79-89％ 。carbonarius。这项研究的结果为这些非产毒毒素的野生菌株中OTA生物合成途径的知识提供了新颖的见解，并显示了这些菌株的生物防治潜力。