Plasmids which are the mobile part of the bacterial genome can acquire and carry over genes conferring antimicrobial resistance, thus contributing to rapid adaptation of bacterial community to human-defined environment. In 2014, Israeli scientists have reported a large conjugative mega-plasmid pESI (plasmid for emerging S. Infantis) that provides multiple drug resistance (MDR) of Salmonella Infantis isolated from broilers. Later, very similar pESI-like plasmids have been found in Salmonella isolated from poultry in the United States, Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, and Japan. Here we report detection of pESI-like plasmids in Salmonella Infantis isolated from chicken food products in Russia. Whole genome sequencing of three MDR isolates revealed pESI-like plasmids in all three cases. These plasmids have such typical pESI features as a locus for siderophore yersiniabactin, a cluster of IncI1 conjugative genes, a cluster of type IV pilus genes, and three toxin-antitoxin modules. The pESI-like plasmids carry from two to five resistance genes in each isolate. In total, we observed six antimicrobial resistance genes associated with pESI-like plasmids (aadA1, blaCTX-M-14, dfrA14, sul1, tetA/tetR, tetM). Besides plasmid genes of antimicrobial resistance, all three MDR isolates of S. Infantis harbor a mutation in chromosomal gene gyrA (p.S83Y or p.D87Y) that is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones. In addition, we performed a comparative bioinformatics meta-analysis of 25 pESI-like plasmids hosted by S. Infantis from the USA, Europe, Latin America, Israel, and Japan. This analysis identified a 173 kB sequence that is common for all pESI-like plasmids and carries virulence operons and toxin-antitoxin modules.

中文翻译：

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在世界范围内发现的大质粒使起源于俄罗斯的肉鸡沙门氏菌具有多种抗药性。

作为细菌基因组的可移动部分的质粒可以获取并携带赋予抗菌素抗性的基因，从而有助于细菌群落快速适应人类定义的环境。2014年，以色列科学家报告了一种大的共轭大质粒pESI（新兴S. Infantis质粒），可提供从肉鸡中分离出的沙门氏菌沙门氏菌的多种耐药性（MDR）。后来，在美国，意大利，瑞士，匈牙利和日本的家禽沙门氏菌中发现了非常相似的pESI样质粒。在这里，我们报道了从俄罗斯鸡肉食品中分离出的沙门氏菌中发现了pESI样质粒。在所有三种情况下，三种MDR分离物的全基因组测序均显示出pESI样质粒。这些质粒具有典型的pESI特征，如铁载体耶尔西菌素的位点，InclI结合基因簇，IV型菌毛基因簇和三个毒素-抗毒素模块。pESI样质粒在每个分离物中均带有2至5个抗性基因。总的来说，我们观察到了与pESI样质粒（aadA1，blaCTX-M-14，dfrA14，sul1，tetA / tetR，tetM）相关的六个抗菌素耐药基因。除具有抗药性的质粒基因外，S。Infantis的所有三种MDR分离物均在染色体基因gyrA（p.S83Y或p.D87Y）中具有与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药相关的突变。此外，我们对来自美国，欧洲，拉丁美洲，以色列和日本的S. Infantis宿主的25个pESI样质粒进行了比较生物信息学的荟萃分析。