Succession of bacterial communities involved in the composting process of chicken manure, including first composting (FC), second composting (SC) and fertilizer product (Pd) and fertilized soil (FS), and their associations with nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla observed during composting. Overall, potential pathogenic bacteria decreased from 37.18% (FC) to 3.43% (Pd) and potential probiotic taxa increased from 5.77% (FC) to 7.12% (Pd). Concentrations of heavy metals increased after second composting (SC), however, no significant differences were observed between FS and CS groups. Alpha diversities of bacterial communities showed significant correlation with heavy metals and nutrients. All investigated antibiotics decreased significantly after the composting process. The certain antibiotics, heavy metals, or nutrients was significantly positive correlated with the abundance of ARGs, highlighting that they can directly or indirectly influence persistence of ARGs. Overall, results indicated that the composting process is effective for reducing potential pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics and ARGs. The application of compost lead to a decrease in pathogens and ARGs, as well as an increase in potentially beneficial taxa and nutrients in soil.

中文翻译：

---

重金属，抗生素和养分会影响鸡粪堆肥和施肥土壤中的细菌群落和抗性基因。

参与鸡粪堆肥过程的细菌群落的继承，包括第一堆肥（FC），第二堆肥（SC）和肥料产品（Pd）以及施肥土壤（FS），以及它们与养分，重金属，抗生素和抗生素的联系抗性基因（ARGs）进行了调查。硬菌，变形杆菌，拟杆菌和放线菌是堆肥过程中观察到的主要菌群。总体而言，潜在的致病细菌从37.18％（FC）下降到3.43％（Pd），潜在的益生菌类群从5.77％（FC）上升到7.12％（Pd）。第二次堆肥（SC）后，重金属的浓度增加，但是，FS和CS组之间没有观察到显着差异。细菌群落的α多样性与重金属和养分有着显着的相关性。堆肥后，所有调查的抗生素均显着减少。某些抗生素，重金属或营养素与ARGs的含量呈显着正相关，说明它们可以直接或间接影响ARGs的持久性。总体而言，结果表明堆肥过程可有效减少潜在的病原细菌，抗生素和ARGs。堆肥的施用导致病原体和ARG的减少，以及土壤中潜在有益的分类单元和养分的增加。结果表明，堆肥过程可有效减少潜在的病原细菌，抗生素和ARGs。堆肥的施用导致病原体和ARG的减少，以及土壤中潜在有益的分类单元和养分的增加。结果表明，堆肥过程可有效减少潜在的病原细菌，抗生素和ARGs。堆肥的施用导致病原体和ARG的减少，以及土壤中潜在有益的分类单元和养分的增加。