Synaptic signaling exhibits great diversity, complexity, and plasticity which necessitates maintenance and rapid modification of a local proteome. One solution neurons actively exploit to meet such demands is the strategic deposition of mRNAs encoding proteins for both basal and experience-driven activities into ribonucleoprotein complexes at the synapse. Transcripts localized in this manner can be rapidly accessed for translation in response to a diverse range of stimuli in a temporal- and spatially-restricted manner. Here we review recent findings on localized RNAs and RNA binding proteins in the context of learning and memory, as revealed by cutting-edge in-vitro and in-vivo technologies capable of yielding quantitative and dynamic information. The new technologies include proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, high-resolution multiplexed RNA imaging, single-molecule RNA tracking in living neurons, animal models and human neuron cell models. Among many recent advances in the field, RNA chemical modification has emerged as one of the new regulatory layers of gene expression at synapse that is complex and yet largely unexplored. These exciting new discoveries have enhanced our understanding of the modulation mechanisms of synaptic gene expression and their roles in cognition.

中文翻译：

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更动态，更定量，更复杂：对学习和记忆中突触RNA定位的高级理解。

突触信号显示出极大的多样性，复杂性和可塑性，这需要维护和快速修改本地蛋白质组。神经元积极开发来满足此类需求的一种解决方案是，将具有基础和经验驱动活性的编码蛋白质的mRNA选择性地沉积到突触中的核糖核蛋白复合物中。可以以时间和空间限制的方式响应各种范围的刺激，快速访问以这种方式定位的转录本以进行翻译。在这里，我们回顾了在学习和记忆的背景下有关局部RNA和RNA结合蛋白的最新发现，这是由能够产生定量和动态信息的尖端的体外和体内技术所揭示的。新技术包括蛋白质组学和转录组学分析，高分辨率多重RNA成像，活神经元，动物模型和人类神经元细胞模型中的单分子RNA跟踪。在该领域的许多最新进展中，RNA化学修饰已成为突触中基因表达的新调节层之一，该过程很复杂，但尚未得到充分探索。这些令人兴奋的新发现增强了我们对突触基因表达的调节机制及其在认知中的作用的理解。