Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is becoming a popular component of clinical spinal and orthopedic applications, but its practical use suffers from several limitations. In this study, irregular nano-porous monolayer with differently functional groups was formed on the surface of PEEK through sulfonation and nitrification. The surface characteristics were detected by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, water contact angle measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro cellular behaviors were evaluated by cell adhesion, morphological changes, proliferation, alkalinity, phosphatase activity, real-time RT-PCR and western blot analyses. In vivo osseointegration was examined through micro-CT and histological assessments. Our results reveal that the irregular nano-porous of PEEK affect the biological properties. High-temperature hydrothermal NP treatment induced early osteogenic differentiation and early osteogenesis. Modification by sulfonation and nitrification can broaden the use of PEEK in orthopedic and dental applications. This study provides a theoretical basis for the wider clinical application of PEEK. a To obtain a uniform porous structure, PEEK samples were treated by concentrated sulfuric acid and fuming nitric acid (82-80%) with magnetic stirring sequentially. b Effects of nanopores on biological behavior of bMSCS.

中文翻译：

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表面磺化和硝化通过形成不规则的纳米多孔单层，增强了聚醚醚酮的生物活性和成骨性。

聚醚醚酮（PEEK）正成为临床脊柱和整形外科应用中的一种流行成分，但是其实际使用受到一些限制。在这项研究中，通过磺化和硝化在PEEK的表面上形成了具有不同官能团的不规则纳米多孔单层。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜，原子力显微镜，能量色散X射线光谱法，水接触角测量和傅立叶变换红外光谱法检测表面特性。通过细胞粘附，形态变化，增殖，碱度，磷酸酶活性，实时RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹分析来评估体外细胞行为。通过微CT和组织学评估检查了体内骨整合。我们的结果表明，PEEK的不规则纳米孔会影响其生物学特性。高温热液NP处理诱导了早期成骨分化和早期成骨。通过磺化和硝化进行改性可以扩大PEEK在整形外科和牙科应用中的应用。该研究为PEEK的更广泛的临床应用提供了理论依据。a为了获得均匀的多孔结构，依次用浓硫酸和发烟硝酸（82-80％）对PEEK样品进行磁力搅拌处理。b纳米孔对bMSCS生物学行为的影响。通过磺化和硝化进行改性可以扩大PEEK在整形外科和牙科应用中的应用。该研究为PEEK的更广泛的临床应用提供了理论依据。a为了获得均匀的多孔结构，依次用浓硫酸和发烟硝酸（82-80％）对PEEK样品进行磁力搅拌处理。b纳米孔对bMSCS生物学行为的影响。通过磺化和硝化进行改性可以扩大PEEK在整形外科和牙科应用中的应用。该研究为PEEK的更广泛的临床应用提供了理论依据。a为了获得均匀的多孔结构，依次用浓硫酸和发烟硝酸（82-80％）对PEEK样品进行磁力搅拌处理。b纳米孔对bMSCS生物学行为的影响。