The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, has increased exponentially as the global population continues to age. Although the etiological factors contributing to PD remain uncertain, its average incidence rate is reported to be 1% of the global population older than 60 years. PD is primarily characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and/or associated neuronal networks and the subsequent depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the brain. Thus, DA or levodopa (l-dopa), a precursor of DA, represent cardinal targets for both idiopathic and symptomatic PD therapeutics. While several therapeutic strategies have been investigated over the past decade for their abilities to curb the progression of PD, an effective cure for PD is currently unavailable. Even DA replacement therapy, an effective PD therapeutic strategy that provides an exogenous supply of DA or l-dopa, has been hindered by severe challenges, such as a poor capacity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and inadequate bioavailability. Nevertheless, with recent advances in nanotechnology, several drug delivery systems have been developed to bypass the barriers associated with central nervous system therapeutics. In here, we sought to describe the adapted lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems used in the field of PD therapeutics and their recent advances, with a particular focus placed on DA replacement therapies. This work initially explores the background of PD; offers descriptions of the most recent molecular targets; currently available clinical medications/limitations; an overview of several lipid-based PD nanotherapeutics, functionalized nanoparticles, and technical aspects in brain delivery; and, finally, presents future perspectives to enhance the use of nanotherapeutics in PD treatment.

中文翻译：

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用于帕金森氏病的多巴胺替代疗法的基于脂质的纳米递送方法：从临床前研究到转化研究。

第二大最常见的神经退行性疾病帕金森氏症（PD）的发病率随着全球人口的不断老龄化而呈指数增长。尽管影响PD的病因仍不确定，但据报道其平均发病率为60岁以上全球人口的1％。PD的主要特征是多巴胺能（DAergic）神经元和/或相关神经元网络的逐渐丧失以及随后脑中多巴胺（DA）水平的消耗。因此，DA或左旋多巴（左旋多巴）（DA的前体）代表特发性和症状性PD治疗的主要靶标。尽管在过去的十年中研究了几种治疗策略来抑制PD的进展，但目前尚无有效的PD治疗方法。即使是DA替代疗法，一种有效的PD治疗策略，也可以提供DA或L-多巴的外源供应，但也受到严峻挑战的困扰，例如绕过血脑屏障的能力差以及生物利用度不足。然而，随着纳米技术的最新发展，已经开发了几种药物输送系统来绕过与中枢神经系统疗法相关的障碍。在本文中，我们试图描述在PD治疗领域中使用的经过调整的基于脂质的纳米药物递送系统及其最新进展，特别着重于DA替代疗法。这项工作最初探讨了PD的背景；提供有关最新分子靶标的描述；当前可用的临床药物/局限性；概述了几种基于脂质的PD纳米疗法，功能化的纳米颗粒，以及大脑传递的技术方面；最后，提出了未来的观点，以增强纳米疗法在PD治疗中的应用。