Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory-neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system presenting with significant inter- and intraindividual heterogeneity. However, the application of clinical and imaging biomarkers is currently not able to allow individual characterization and prediction. Complementary, molecular biomarkers which are easily quantifiable come from the areas of immunology and neurobiology due to the causal pathomechanisms and can excellently complement other disease characteristics. Only a few molecular biomarkers have so far been routinely used in clinical practice as their validation and transfer take a long time. This review describes the characteristics that an ideal MS biomarker should have and the challenges of establishing new biomarkers. In addition, clinically relevant and promising biomarkers from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid are presented which are useful for MS diagnosis and prognosis as well as for the assessment of therapy response and side effects.

中文翻译：

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多发性硬化症的分子生物标志物。

多发性硬化症（MS）是一种中枢神经系统炎症性神经退行性疾病，具有显着的个体间和个体内异质性。然而，临床和成像生物标志物的应用目前还无法进行个体表征和预测。由于因果病理机制，易于量化的补充分子生物标志物来自免疫学和神经生物学领域，并且可以很好地补充其他疾病特征。迄今为止，只有少数分子生物标志物在临床实践中常规使用，因为它们的验证和转移需要很长时间。这篇综述描述了理想的 MS 生物标志物应具备的特征以及建立新生物标志物的挑战。此外，还提出了来自血液和脑脊液的临床相关且有前景的生物标志物，它们可用于多发性硬化症的诊断和预后以及治疗反应和副作用的评估。