Abstract Liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade has increased globally; therefore, assessments of the hazards of its accidental release and associated consequences must be conducted to ensure LNG security during marine transportation. This study aims to understand the dynamic behavior occurring when an LNG jet is released underwater and the combustion behavior of a flammable vapor cloud on the water’s surface with airflows from 0 to 4 m/s. A series of controlled LNG vertical jet release experiments were conducted using a cryogenic storage tank with three orifices. Various instruments were employed to measure the flow rate and pressure in pipelines during different leakage scenarios, and the emanating LNG vapor clouds were immediately ignited with the mass loss rate of 0.016, 0.037, and 0.049 kg/s in three orifices, respectively. The flame behavior was recorded by a video camera. With respect to flame length rapidly decreased with crosswinds of 0−2 m/s and then gradually decreased to a constant value with the velocities increase to 4 m/s. A dimensionless number of Ri was employed to analyze the relative magnitude between the buoyancy force and transverse flow. The flame tilt angle was found in accordance trend with flame length for first increased and further reach to become constant at Ri−1 increase to 2. As existing correlations provide an overestimation, a new correlation was established to describe the flame length as a function of crosswind speed, and a good prediction was found for measured tilt angles with the correlated values.

中文翻译：

---

侧风下LNG水下释放及燃烧行为的实验研究

摘要 液化天然气 (LNG) 贸易在全球范围内有所增加；因此，必须对其意外释放的危害及相关后果进行评估，以确保海上运输过程中LNG的安全。本研究旨在了解当 LNG 射流在水下释放时发生的动态行为，以及在 0 到 4 m/s 的气流下水面上易燃蒸气云的燃烧行为。使用具有三个孔口的低温储罐进行了一系列受控 LNG 垂直射流释放实验。使用各种仪器测量不同泄漏情况下管道中的流量和压力，释放的 LNG 蒸气云立即被点燃，三个孔口的质量损失率分别为 0.016、0.037 和 0.049 kg/s。火焰行为由摄像机记录。关于火焰长度随着侧风的 0-2 m/s 迅速减小，然后随着速度增加到 4 m/s 逐渐减小到恒定值。使用无量纲数 Ri 来分析浮力和横向流动之间的相对大小。发现火焰倾斜角与火焰长度的趋势一致，首先增加并进一步达到在 Ri−1 增加到 2 时变得恒定。由于现有的相关性提供了高估，建立了新的相关性来描述火焰长度作为侧风速度，并且发现了具有相关值的测量倾斜角的良好预测。关于火焰长度随着侧风的 0-2 m/s 迅速减小，然后随着速度增加到 4 m/s 逐渐减小到恒定值。使用无量纲数 Ri 来分析浮力和横向流动之间的相对大小。发现火焰倾斜角与火焰长度的趋势一致，首先增加并进一步达到在 Ri−1 增加到 2 时变得恒定。由于现有的相关性提供了高估，建立了新的相关性来描述火焰长度作为侧风速度，并且发现了具有相关值的测量倾斜角的良好预测。关于火焰长度随着侧风的 0-2 m/s 迅速减小，然后随着速度增加到 4 m/s 逐渐减小到恒定值。使用无量纲数 Ri 来分析浮力和横向流动之间的相对大小。发现火焰倾斜角与火焰长度的趋势一致，首先增加并进一步达到在 Ri−1 增加到 2 时变得恒定。由于现有的相关性提供了高估，建立了新的相关性来描述火焰长度作为侧风速度，并且发现了具有相关值的测量倾斜角的良好预测。