Exotic pathogens cause severe damage in natural populations in the absence of coevolutionary dynamics with their hosts. However, some resistance to such pathogens may occur in naive populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of this so-called 'exapted' resistance to two pathogens of Asian origin (Erysiphe alphitoides and Phytophthora cinnamomi) in European oak. Host-pathogen compatibility was assessed by recording infection success and pathogen growth in a full-sib family of Quercus robur under controlled and natural conditions. Two high-resolution genetic maps anchored on the reference genome were used to study the genetic architecture of resistance and to identify positional candidate genes. Two genomic regions, each containing six strong and stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) accounting for 12-19% of the phenotypic variation, were mainly associated with E. alphitoides infection. Candidate genes, especially genes encoding receptor-like-kinases and galactinol synthases, were identified in these regions. The three QTLs associated with P. cinnamomi infection did not colocate with QTLs found for E. alphitoides. These findings provide evidence that exapted resistance to E. alphitoides and P. cinnamomi is present in Q. robur and suggest that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve genes encoding proteins with extracellular signaling functions.

中文翻译：

---

在有花梗的橡树中对两种外来病原体的快速抗性的遗传学。

在没有与其宿主共同进化动力学的情况下，外来病原体会对自然种群造成严重损害。然而，在幼稚人群中可能会出现对这些病原体的一些抗性。本研究的目的是研究欧洲橡木中这种所谓的对亚洲起源的两种病原体（白粉菌和肉桂疫霉）的“扩展”抗性的遗传学。通过在受控和自然条件下记录栎全同胞家族的感染成功和病原体生长来评估宿主-病原体相容性。锚定在参考基因组上的两个高分辨率遗传图谱用于研究抗性的遗传结构并确定位置候选基因。两个基因组区域，每个含有 6 个强且稳定的数量性状位点 (QTL)，占表型变异的 12-19%，主要与 E. alphitoides 感染有关。在这些区域中鉴定了候选基因，尤其是编码受体样激酶和半乳糖醇合酶的基因。与 P. cinnamomi 感染相关的三个 QTL 不与 E. alphitoides 发现的 QTL 共存。这些发现提供了证据，证明在 Q. robur 中存在对 E. alphitoides 和 P. cinnamomi 的快速抗性，并表明潜在的分子机制涉及编码具有细胞外信号传导功能的蛋白质的基因。与 P. cinnamomi 感染相关的三个 QTL 不与 E. alphitoides 发现的 QTL 共存。这些发现提供了证据，证明在 Q. robur 中存在对 E. alphitoides 和 P. cinnamomi 的快速抗性，并表明潜在的分子机制涉及编码具有细胞外信号传导功能的蛋白质的基因。与 P. cinnamomi 感染相关的三个 QTL 不与 E. alphitoides 发现的 QTL 共存。这些发现提供了证据，证明在 Q. robur 中存在对 E. alphitoides 和 P. cinnamomi 的快速抗性，并表明潜在的分子机制涉及编码具有细胞外信号传导功能的蛋白质的基因。