For humans to maintain a stable core temperature in cold environments, an increase in energy expenditure (EE) is required. However, little is known about how cold stimulus impacts energy balance as a whole, as energy intake (EI) has been largely overlooked. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding how cold exposure (CE) impacts both EE and EI, while highlighting key gaps and shortcomings in the literature. Animal models clearly reveal that CE produces large increases in EE, while decreasing environmental temperatures results in a significant negative dose‐response effect in EI (r=‐.787, P<.001), meaning animals eat more as temperature decreases. In humans, multiple methods are used to administer cold stimuli, which result in consistent yet quantitatively small increases in EE. However, only two studies have measured ad libitum food intake in combination with acute CE in humans. Chronic CE (i.e., cold acclimation) studies have been shown to produce minimal changes in body weight, with an average compensation of ~126%. Although more studies are required to investigate how cold impacts EI in humans, results presented in this review warrant caution before presenting or considering CE as a potential adjunct to weight loss strategies.

中文翻译：

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人类处于寒冷状态：调节能量平衡。

为了使人类在寒冷的环境中保持稳定的核心温度，需要增加能量消耗（EE）。然而，人们对冷刺激如何影响整体能量平衡知之甚少，因为能量摄入（EI）已被大大忽略。这篇综述着重介绍了关于冷暴露（CE）如何影响EE和EI的当前知识状态，同时强调了文献中的主要差距和不足。动物模型清楚地表明，CE会导致EE大量增加，而降低环境温度会导致EI产生显着的负剂量反应效应（r =-。787，P<.001），这意味着动物会随着温度降低而进食更多。在人类中，使用多种方法来施加冷刺激，这会导致EE持续一致但数量上很小的增加。但是，只有两项研究测量了人类急性CE与随意摄入食物的摄入量。长期的CE（即冷适应）研究已显示出体重变化很小，平均补偿约为126％。尽管需要更多的研究来研究感冒如何影响人体的EI，但在提出或考虑将CE作为减肥策略的潜在辅助手段之前，本综述中提出的结果值得谨慎。