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Facilitation of an invader by a native habitat‐former increases along interacting gradients of environmental stress
Ecology ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-11 , DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2961
Marc Uyà 1, 2 , Fabio Bulleri 1, 3 , Jeffrey T Wright 4 , Paul E Gribben 2, 5
Affiliation  

Native habitat-forming species can facilitate invasion by reducing environmental stress or consumer pressure. However, the intensity of one stressor along a local gradient may differ when expanding the scale of observation to encompass major variations in background environmental conditions. In this study, we determined how facilitation of the invasive porcelain crab, Petrolisthes elongatus, by the native tube-forming serpulid, Galeolaria caespitosa, varied with environmental gradients at local (tidal height) and larger (wave exposure) spatial scales. G. caespitosa constructs a complex calcareous matrix on the underside of intertidal boulders and we predicted that its positive effects on P. elongatus density would increase in intensity with shore height and be stronger at wave-sheltered than wave-exposed locations. To test these predictions, we conducted two experiments. First, we determined the effects of serpulid presence (boulders with live or dead serpulid matrix vs bare boulders) at six shore heights that covered the intertidal distribution of P. elongatus. Second, we determined the effects of serpulid presence (present vs absent), shore height (high vs low) and wave exposure (sheltered vs exposed) on crabs across six locations within the invaded range in northern Tasmania, Australia. In Experiment 1, the presence of serpulids (either dead or alive) enhanced P. elongatus densities at all shore heights, with facilitation intensity (as determined by a Relative Interaction Index; RII) tending to increase with shore height. In Experiment 2, serpulids facilitated P. elongatus across shore heights and wave-exposures, although crab densities were lower at high shore levels of wave-sheltered locations. However, the intensity of crab facilitation by serpulids was greater on wave-sheltered than on wave-exposed shores, but only at the high shore level. This study demonstrates that local effects of native habitat-formers on invasive species are dependent on prevailing environmental conditions at larger spatial scales and that, under more stressful conditions, invaders become increasingly reliant on positive interactions with native habitat-formers. Increased strength of local-scale facilitation by native species, dampening broader scale variations in environmental stressors, could enhance the ability of invasive species to establish self-sustaining populations in the invaded range.

中文翻译:

原生栖息地前身对入侵者的促进随着环境压力的相互作用梯度增加

原生栖息地形成物种可以通过减少环境压力或消费者压力来促进入侵。然而,当扩大观察范围以涵盖背景环境条件的主要变化时,沿局部梯度的一个压力源的强度可能会有所不同。在这项研究中,我们确定了本地(潮汐高度)和更大(波浪暴露)空间尺度上的环境梯度如何随本地形成管状 serpulid Galeolaria caespitosa 对侵入性瓷蟹 Petrolisthes elongatus 的促进作用发生变化。G. caespitosa 在潮间带巨石的下侧构建了一个复杂的钙质基质,我们预测它对 P. elongatus 密度的积极影响将随着海岸高度的增加而增加,并且在避浪位置比在波浪暴露位置更强。为了检验这些预测,我们进行了两个实验。首先,我们确定了在覆盖 P. elongatus 潮间带分布的六个海岸高度上存在 serpulid 的影响(具有活或死的 serpulid 矩阵的巨石与裸露的巨石)。其次,我们确定了 serpulid 的存在(存在与不存在)、海岸高度(高与低)和波浪暴露(庇护与暴露)对澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚北部入侵范围内六个地点的螃蟹的影响。在实验 1 中,serpulids(死的或活的)的存在增强了所有海岸高度的 P. elongatus 密度,促进强度(由相对相互作用指数确定;RII)随着海岸高度的增加而增加。在实验 2 中,serpulids 促进了 P. elongatus 跨越海岸高度和波浪暴露,尽管螃蟹密度在避浪位置的高岸水平较低。然而,在避浪的海岸上,巨蜥对螃蟹的促进作用比在波浪暴露的海岸上更大,但仅限于高海岸水平。这项研究表明,原生栖息地形成者对入侵物种的局部影响取决于更大空间尺度上的普遍环境条件,并且在压力更大的条件下,入侵者越来越依赖与原生栖息地形成者的积极互动。本地物种在局部范围内促进的强度增加,抑制环境压力源的更广泛范围的变化,可以增强入侵物种在入侵范围内建立自我维持种群的能力。在避浪的海岸上,巨蜥对螃蟹的促进作用比在海浪暴露的海岸上更大,但仅限于高岸水平。这项研究表明,原生栖息地形成者对入侵物种的局部影响取决于更大空间尺度上的普遍环境条件,并且在压力更大的条件下,入侵者越来越依赖与原生栖息地形成者的积极互动。本地物种在局部范围内促进的强度增加,抑制环境压力源的更广泛范围的变化,可以增强入侵物种在入侵范围内建立自我维持种群的能力。在避浪的海岸上,serpulids 对螃蟹的促进作用比在波浪暴露的海岸上更大,但仅限于高岸水平。这项研究表明,原生栖息地形成者对入侵物种的局部影响取决于更大空间尺度上的普遍环境条件,并且在压力更大的条件下,入侵者越来越依赖与原生栖息地形成者的积极互动。本地物种在局部范围内促进的强度增加,抑制环境压力源的更广泛范围的变化,可以增强入侵物种在入侵范围内建立自我维持种群的能力。这项研究表明,原生栖息地形成者对入侵物种的局部影响取决于更大空间尺度上的普遍环境条件,并且在压力更大的条件下,入侵者越来越依赖与原生栖息地形成者的积极互动。本地物种在局部范围内促进的强度增加,抑制环境压力源的更广泛范围的变化,可以增强入侵物种在入侵范围内建立自我维持种群的能力。这项研究表明,原生栖息地形成者对入侵物种的局部影响取决于更大空间尺度上的普遍环境条件,并且在压力更大的条件下,入侵者越来越依赖与原生栖息地形成者的积极互动。本地物种在局部范围内促进的强度增加,抑制环境压力源的更广泛范围的变化,可以增强入侵物种在入侵范围内建立自我维持种群的能力。
更新日期:2020-03-11
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