BACKGROUND Although keeping small poultry flocks is increasingly popular in Ontario, information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria of such flocks is lacking. The current study was conducted on small poultry flocks in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017, and samples were submitted on a voluntary basis to Ontario's Animal Health Laboratory. From each submission, a pooled cecal sample was obtained from all the birds of the same species from the same flock and tested for the presence of two common enteric pathogens, E. coli and Salmonella. Three different isolates from each E. coli-positive sample and one isolate from each Salmonella-positive sample were selected and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique. RESULTS A total of 433 fecal E. coli isolates (358 chicken, 27 turkey, 24 duck, and 24 game bird) and 5 Salmonella isolates (3 chicken, 1 turkey, and 1 duck) were recovered. One hundred and sixty-seven chicken, 5 turkey, 14 duck, and 15 game bird E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible. For E. coli, a moderate to high proportion of isolates were resistant to tetracycline (43% chicken, 81% turkey, 42% duck, and 38% game bird isolates), streptomycin (29% chicken, 37% turkey, and 33% game bird isolates), sulfonamides (17% chicken, 37% turkey, and 21% duck isolates), and ampicillin (16% chicken and 41% turkey isolates). Multidrug resistance was found in 37% of turkey, 20% of chicken, 13% of duck, and 8% of game bird E. coli isolates. Salmonella isolates were most frequently resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. Resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, and quinolones was infrequent in both E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Cluster and correlation analyses identified streptomycin-tetracycline-sulfisoxazole-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as the most common resistance pattern in chicken E. coli isolates. Turkey E. coli isolates compared to all the other poultry species had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, and a higher multidrug resistance rate. CONCLUSIONS Escherichia coli isolates were frequently resistant to antimicrobials commonly used to treat poultry bacterial infections, which highlights the necessity of judicious antimicrobial use to limit the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.

中文翻译：

---

粪便大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌分离株中的抗菌素耐药性：对加拿大安大略省的小型家禽群进行的为期两年的前瞻性研究。

背景技术尽管在安大略省饲养家禽的家禽越来越小，但是缺乏关于这种家禽的肠细菌的抗菌敏感性的信息。当前的研究是在2015年10月至2017年9月期间在安大略省的小型家禽群上进行的，样本是自愿提交给安大略省动物健康实验室的。从每次提交中，从同一群人的相同物种的所有鸟中收集盲肠样品，并测试是否存在两种常见的肠道病原体，即大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌。从每种大肠杆菌阳性样品中分离出三种不同的分离物，并从每种沙门氏菌阳性样品中分离出一种分离物，并使用肉汤微量稀释技术测试其对14种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果共有433株粪便大肠杆菌分离株（358鸡，回收了27只火鸡，24只鸭子和24只野禽）和5株沙门氏菌分离株（3只鸡，1只火鸡和1只鸭子）。一百六十七只鸡，五只火鸡，十四只鸭子和十五只野禽大肠杆菌分离株易感。对于大肠杆菌，中等至高比例的分离株对四环素（43％的鸡肉，81％的火鸡，42％的鸭子和38％的野禽分离物），链霉素（29％的鸡，37％的火鸡和33％）具有抗性野禽分离物），磺酰胺类（17％的鸡肉，37％的火鸡和21％的鸭子分离物）和氨苄青霉素（16％的鸡和41％的火鸡分离物）。在37％的火鸡，20％的鸡，13％的鸭子和8％的野禽大肠杆菌分离物中发现了多药耐药性。沙门氏菌分离株最常对链霉素，四环素和磺酰胺类产生抗药性。对头孢菌素，碳青霉烯，大环内酯类药物具有抗药性，大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌分离物中喹诺酮类药物很少见。聚类和相关分析确定链霉素-四环素-磺异恶唑-甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑是鸡大肠杆菌分离株中最常见的耐药模式。与所有其他家禽品种相比，土耳其大肠杆菌分离株对四环素和氨苄青霉素的耐药率更高，对多种药物的耐药率也更高。结论大肠杆菌分离物通常对通常用于治疗家禽细菌感染的抗菌素具有抗药性，这突出表明了明智地使用抗菌素以限制多药耐药菌的出现的必要性。聚类和相关分析确定链霉素-四环素-磺异恶唑-甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑是鸡大肠杆菌分离株中最常见的耐药模式。与所有其他家禽品种相比，土耳其大肠杆菌分离株对四环素和氨苄青霉素的耐药率更高，对多种药物的耐药率也更高。结论大肠杆菌分离物通常对通常用于治疗家禽细菌感染的抗菌素具有抗药性，这突出表明了明智地使用抗菌素以限制多药耐药菌的出现的必要性。聚类和相关分析确定链霉素-四环素-磺异恶唑-甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑是鸡大肠杆菌分离株中最常见的耐药模式。与所有其他家禽品种相比，土耳其大肠杆菌分离株对四环素和氨苄青霉素的耐药率更高，对多种药物的耐药率也更高。结论大肠杆菌分离物通常对通常用于治疗家禽细菌感染的抗菌素具有抗药性，这突出表明了明智地使用抗菌素以限制多药耐药菌的出现的必要性。