BACKGROUND Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary intakes due to their ability to assess intake over extended periods, their low respondent burden, and their cost-effectiveness. A quantitative FFQ that includes locally appropriate food items for 5-year-old children in a multiethnic Asian population was developed, but its validity has not previously been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative validity of a newly developed FFQ as a dietary assessment tool for 5-year-old children in a multiethnic Asian population. DESIGN The 112 -food item FFQ was administered by trained interviewers to caregivers of children. Frequency of food items consumed in the previous month and portion size information were collected. The FFQs were evaluated against 3-day nonweighed diet records (DRs) completed by caregivers. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The dietary data of 361 children aged 5 years from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes mother-offspring cohort were collected in 2015-2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nutrients of interest included energy, macronutrients, fiber, cholesterol, vitamin A, beta carotene, calcium, and iron, calculated from the FFQs and DRs. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Nutrient intakes according to FFQs in relation to DRs were assessed using Pearson's correlation, Lin's concordance, Bland-Altman plots, quintile joint classification, and Cohen's κ statistics. RESULTS The highest energy-adjusted correlation (Pearson's r=0.71) and concordance (Lin's concordance=0.69) were observed for calcium. Fiber, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, and iron also showed correlation coefficients and concordance of at least 0.40. Bland-Altman plots suggested no substantial bias across ranges of intakes for the nutrients with correlations and concordance of 0.40 or above. Quintiles joint classification showed substantial agreement for calcium (κ=0.66), and moderate agreement for iron, fiber, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and beta carotene (κ=0.59, 0.54, 0.49, 0.44, 0.43, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The newly developed FFQ is in reasonable agreement with DR for estimating intakes of calcium, fiber, saturated fat, PUFA, cholesterol, and iron. In addition, the FFQ is able to classify children according to quintiles of nutrient intakes, with moderate to substantial quintile agreements between FFQ and DR for calcium, iron, fiber, saturated fat, PUFA, and beta carotene. To assess the remaining nutrients, DR method is recommended instead of the FFQ.

中文翻译：

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亚洲人群 5 岁儿童食物频率定量问卷的评估

背景 食物频率问卷 (FFQ) 经常用于评估膳食摄入量，因为它们能够评估较长时期的摄入量、受访者负担低且具有成本效益。开发了一个定量的 FFQ，其中包括适合多民族亚洲人口中 5 岁儿童的当地食品，但其有效性之前尚未评估。目的 评估新开发的 FFQ 作为多民族亚洲人群 5 岁儿童饮食评估工具的相对有效性。设计 112 种食品 FFQ 由经过培训的访谈员向儿童的看护人进行管理。收集了上个月食用的食品频率和份量信息。FFQ 是根据护理人员完成的 3 天未称重饮食记录 (DR) 进行评估的。参与者/设置 2015-2016 年收集了 361 名 5 岁儿童的饮食数据，这些数据来自新加坡成长迈向健康结果母子队列。主要结果测量 感兴趣的营养素包括能量、常量营养素、纤维、胆固醇、维生素 A、β-胡萝卜素、钙和铁，根据 FFQ 和 DR 计算。执行的统计分析 使用 Pearson 相关性、Lin 一致性、Bland-Altman 图、五分位数联合分类和 Cohen κ 统计量评估根据 FFQ 与 DR 相关的营养摄入量。结果 观察到钙的最高能量调整相关性（Pearson's r=0.71）和一致性（Lin's concordance=0.69）。纤维、饱和脂肪、多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)、胆固醇、和铁也显示出至少 0.40 的相关系数和一致性。Bland-Altman 图表明在相关性和一致性为 0.40 或以上的营养素摄入范围内没有实质性偏差。Quintiles 联合分类显示钙的基本一致性 (κ=0.66)，铁、纤维、饱和脂肪、多不饱和脂肪和β-胡萝卜素的一致性中等（分别为κ=0.59、0.54、0.49、0.44、0.43）。结论 新开发的 FFQ 与 DR 在估计钙、纤维、饱和脂肪、多不饱和脂肪酸、胆固醇和铁的摄入量方面具有合理的一致性。此外，FFQ 能够根据营养素摄入量的五分之一对儿童进行分类，FFQ 和 DR 之间在钙、铁、纤维、饱和脂肪、多不饱和脂肪酸和β-胡萝卜素方面具有中等至实质性的五分之一协议。