PURPOSE Improving the physical and social conditions of residential neighbourhoods may increase walking, especially among older people. Evidence on the effects of physical and social environmental interventions, and particularly the combination of both, on walking behaviour is scarce. We evaluated the effects of a small-scale physical environmental intervention (designated walking route), a social environmental intervention (neighbourhood walking group) and the combination of both on walking behaviour of older adults living in deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS Survey data of 644 older adults residing in four deprived neighbourhoods of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, were used to compare changes in walking behaviour over time (weekly minutes spent recreational walking, utilitarian walking and total walking) of those exposed to 1) a designated walking route (physical condition), 2) walking groups (social condition), 3) walking routes and walking groups (combined condition), and 4) no intervention (control condition). Measurements took place at baseline (T0), and 3 months (T1) and 9 months (T2) after the intervention. Data were analysed on a multiple imputed dataset, using multi-level negative binomial regression models, adjusting for clustering of observations within individuals. All models were adjusted for demographic covariates. RESULTS Total time spent walking per week increased between T0 and T1 for all conditions. The Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) for the physical condition was 1.46 (95% CI:1.06;2.05) and for the social intervention 1.52 (95%CI:1.07;2.16). At T2, these differences remained significant for the physical condition, but not for the social condition and the combined condition. These findings were mirrored for utilitarian walking. No evidence was found for an effect on recreational walking. CONCLUSION Implementing small scale, feasible, interventions in a residential neighbourhood may increase total and utilitarian walking behaviour among older adults.

中文翻译：

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小规模物理和社会环境干预对生活在贫困社区的荷兰老年人步行行为的影响：来自准实验性 NEW.ROADS 研究的结果。

目的 改善居民区的物质和社会条件可能会增加步行，尤其是老年人。关于物理和社会环境干预措施，特别是两者的结合，对步行行为的影响的证据很少。我们评估了小规模物理环境干预（指定步行路线）、社会环境干预（邻里步行小组）以及两者结合对生活在贫困社区的老年人步行行为的影响。方法 使用对居住在荷兰鹿特丹四个贫困社区的 644 名老年人的调查数据来比较那些经历 1) 指定步行的人随着时间的推移步行行为的变化（每周休闲步行、功利性步行和总步行的分钟数）路线（身体状况），2）步行组（社会条件），3）步行路线和步行组（组合条件），4）无干预（控制条件）。测量在基线 (T0)、干预后 3 个月 (T1) 和 9 个月 (T2) 进行。使用多级负二项式回归模型在多重估算数据集上分析数据，调整个体内观察的聚类。所有模型均针对人口统计协变量进行了调整。结果 在所有情况下，T0 和 T1 之间每周步行的总时间都有所增加。身体状况的发生率比 (IRR) 为 1.46 (95% CI:1.06;2.05)，社会干预的发生率为 1.52 (95% CI:1.07;2.16)。在 T2 时，这些差异对于身体状况仍然显着，但对于社交状况和综合状况则不显着。这些发现也反映在功利性步行上。没有发现证据表明对休闲步行有影响。结论 在住宅区实施小规模、可行的干预措施可能会增加老年人的总体和功利性步行行为。