OBJECTIVE Observations of hyperactive (/restless, agitated) behaviour as a consequence of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) in sports are inconclusive as reduced or slowed movement behaviour is also commonly described post-concussion. This might be grounded in the fact that the movement behaviour of athletes has not been systematically investigated during standardized settings and with objective methods of nonverbal movement analysis. Thus, we investigate whether symptoms after mTBI in sports are characterized by a hyper- or hypoactive movement behaviour experimentally. METHODS Three matched groups of 40 athletes were investigated: 14 symptomatic and 14 asymptomatic athletes with a mTBI; and 12 non-concussed athletes. Four certified raters analysed with a standard analysis system for nonverbal behaviour each athlete's hand movement activity, hand movement contacts, and resting positions that were displayed during a videotaped standardized anamnesis protocol. RESULTS Symptomatic athletes spend significantly more time with act apart hand movements and less time with closed rest positions when compared to non-concussed athletes. Post-concussion symptom (PCS) scores positively correlate with act apart hand movements. A linear regression analysis revealed that act apart hand movements significantly predict the PCS score. CONCLUSIONS Athletes with increased symptoms after mTBI move their hands in a hyperactive and restless manner. Increased act apart hand movements, i.e., when both hands move simultaneously without touching each other, indicate a motoric destabilization in symptomatic athletes' behaviour that might be related to impaired inhibitory motor control systems. Future diagnoses should concern the systematic analysis of the nonverbal movement behaviour as a potential behavioural marker of symptoms after mTBI.

中文翻译：

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脑震荡后症状的运动员运动过度行为。

目的观察运动中轻度颅脑损伤（mTBI）导致的过度活跃（/躁动，躁动）行为的结论尚无定论，因为震荡后通常也描述了运动行为减少或减慢。这可能是由于以下事实：没有在标准化环境中使用非言语运动分析的客观方法来系统地研究运动员的运动行为。因此，我们调查在运动中mTBI之后的症状是否以实验上过动或过动的运动行为为特征。方法对三组匹配的40名运动员进行调查：14名有症状的运动员和14名无症状的mTBI运动员。和12名无脑震荡的运动员。使用标准分析系统针对每个运动员的非言语行为对四个获得认证的评分者进行分析 录像的标准化回忆记录协议中显示的手部活动，手部接触和休息位置。结果与无脑震颤的运动员相比，有症状的运动员在分开动作时花费的时间明显更多，而在封闭的休息姿势上花费的时间更少。脑震荡后症状（PCS）得分与行动分开的手的动作呈正相关。线性回归分析表明，分开行动的手可以显着预测PCS得分。结论mTBI后，运动员过度活跃和躁动不安地移动其症状。分开动作的手运动增加，即，当两只手同时运动但彼此不接触时，表明有症状运动员的运动不稳定 可能与抑制性运动控制系统受损有关的行为。未来的诊断应关注非语言运动行为的系统分析，以作为mTBI后症状的潜在行为标志。