BACKGROUND Chondrogenesis represents a highly dynamic cellular process that leads to the establishment of various types of cartilage. However, when stress-related injuries occur, a rapid and efficient regeneration of the tissues is necessary to maintain cartilage integrity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to exhibit high capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency effects, and thus play a pivotal role in the repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage. On the other hand, the influence of certain pathological conditions such as metabolic disorders on MSCs can seriously impair their regenerative properties and thus reduce their therapeutic potential. OBJECTIVES In this investigation, we attempted to improve and potentiate the in vitro chondrogenic ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (ASCs) isolated from horses suffering from metabolic syndrome. METHODS Cultured cells in chondrogenic-inductive medium supplemented with Cladophora glomerata methanolic extract were experimented for expression of the main genes and microRNAs involved in the differentiation process using RT-PCR, for their morphological changes through confocal and scanning electron microscopy and for their physiological homeostasis. RESULTS The different added concentrations of C. glomerata extract to the basic chondrogenic inductive culture medium promoted the proliferation of equine metabolic syndrome ASCs (ASCsEMS) and resulted in chondrogenic phenotype differentiation and higher mRNA expression of collagen type II, aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, and Sox9 among others. The results reveal an obvious inhibitory effect of hypertrophy and a strong repression of miR-145-5p, miR-146-3p, and miR-34a and miR-449a largely involved in cartilage degradation. Treated cells additionally exhibited significant reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress, as well as promoted viability and mitochondrial potentiation. CONCLUSION Chondrogenesis in EqASCsEMS was found to be prominent after chondrogenic induction in conditions containing C. glomerata extract, suggesting that the macroalgae could be considered for the enhancement of ASC cultures and their reparative properties.

中文翻译：

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球根油枝甲醇提取物可促进受代谢综合症影响的马脂肪来源的间充质基质干细胞的软骨生成基因表达和软骨表型分化。

背景技术软骨形成代表高度动态的细胞过程，其导致各种类型的软骨的建立。但是，当发生与压力有关的损伤时，必须快速有效地再生组织以维持软骨的完整性。已知间充质干细胞（MSC）具有自我更新和多能性作用的高能力，因此在受损软骨的修复和再生中起着举足轻重的作用。另一方面，某些病理状况（例如代谢紊乱）对MSC的影响会严重损害其再生特性，从而降低其治疗潜力。目标在这项调查中，我们试图改善和增强从患有代谢综合症的马匹中分离的脂肪来源的间充质基质干细胞（ASC）的体外软骨形成能力。方法采用RT-PCR技术，在添加了球根甲醇提取物的软骨诱导培养基中，对培养细胞的主要基因和微小RNA的表达进行了实验，通过共聚焦和扫描电镜观察了它们的形态变化，以及它们的生理动态平衡。结果不同浓度的球墨角藻提取物添加到基本的软骨形成诱导培养基中，促进了马代谢综合症ASC（ASCsEMS）的增殖，并导致软骨形成的表型分化和II型胶原蛋白，聚集蛋白聚糖，软骨寡聚基质蛋白和Sox9等。结果表明，肥大具有明显的抑制作用，并且miR-145-5p，miR-146-3p和miR-34a和miR-449a的抑制作用主要与软骨降解有关。经处理的细胞还表现出显着降低的凋亡和氧化应激，以及增强的生存力和线粒体增强作用。结论发现在含毛小球藻提取物的条件下，在软骨诱导后，EqASCsEMS中的软骨形成很显着，这表明可以考虑将大藻类用于增强ASC培养及其修复特性。miR-34a和miR-449a主要参与软骨降解。经处理的细胞还表现出显着降低的凋亡和氧化应激，以及增强的生存力和线粒体增强作用。结论发现在含球形小球藻提取物的条件下，在软骨诱导后，EqASCsEMS中的软骨形成很显着，这表明可以考虑使用大型藻类来增强ASC培养物及其修复特性。miR-34a和miR-449a主要参与软骨降解。经处理的细胞还表现出显着降低的凋亡和氧化应激，以及增强的生存力和线粒体增强作用。结论发现在含球形小球藻提取物的条件下，在软骨诱导后，EqASCsEMS中的软骨形成很显着，这表明可以考虑使用大型藻类来增强ASC培养物及其修复特性。