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The structural basis of T-cell receptor (TCR) activation: An enduring enigma.
Journal of Biological Chemistry ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-17 , DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.009411
Roy A Mariuzza 1, 2 , Pragati Agnihotri 2, 3 , John Orban 1, 4
Affiliation  

T cells are critical for protective immune responses to pathogens and tumors. The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is composed of a diverse αβ TCR heterodimer noncovalently associated with the invariant CD3 dimers CD3ϵγ, CD3ϵδ, and CD3ζζ. The TCR mediates recognition of antigenic peptides bound to MHC molecules (pMHC), whereas the CD3 molecules transduce activation signals to the T cell. Whereas much is known about downstream T-cell signaling pathways, the mechanism whereby TCR engagement by pMHC is first communicated to the CD3 signaling apparatus, a process termed early T-cell activation, remains largely a mystery. In this review, we examine the molecular basis for TCR activation in light of the recently determined cryoEM structure of a complete TCR-CD3 complex. This structure provides an unprecedented opportunity to assess various signaling models that have been proposed for the TCR. We review evidence from single-molecule and structural studies for force-induced conformational changes in the TCR-CD3 complex, for dynamically-driven TCR allostery, and for pMHC-induced structural changes in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of CD3 subunits. We identify major knowledge gaps that must be filled in order to arrive at a comprehensive model of TCR activation that explains, at the molecular level, how pMHC-specific information is transmitted across the T-cell membrane to initiate intracellular signaling. An in-depth understanding of this process will accelerate the rational design of immunotherapeutic agents targeting the TCR-CD3 complex.

中文翻译:

T细胞受体(TCR)激活的结构基础:一个持久的谜。

T细胞对于对病原体和肿瘤的保护性免疫应答至关重要。T细胞受体(TCR)-CD3复合物由与不变的CD3二聚体CD3ϵγ,CD3ϵδ和CD3ζζ非共价结合的多种αβTCR异二聚体组成。TCR介导与MHC分子(pMHC)结合的抗原肽的识别,而CD3分子将激活信号转导至T细胞。尽管人们对下游T细胞信号通路的了解很多,但首先将pMHC的TCR参与传递给CD3信号传导装置的机制(一个称为早期T细胞激活的过程)仍然是个谜。在这篇综述中,我们根据完整的TCR-CD3复合体最近确定的cryoEM结构,研究了TCR活化的分子基础。这种结构为评估针对TCR提出的各种信令模型提供了前所未有的机会。我们审查从单分子和结构研究的证据,以力诱导TCR-CD3复杂的构象变化,动态驱动的TCR变构,以及pMHC诱导的CD3亚基跨膜和胞质区域的结构变化。我们确定了必须填补的主要知识空白,以得到全面的TCR激活模型,该模型在分子水平上解释了如何在T细胞膜上传递pMHC特异性信息以启动细胞内信号传导。对这一过程的深入了解将加速针对TCR-CD3复合物的免疫治疗剂的合理设计。我们回顾了单分子和结构研究的证据,这些结果涉及力诱导的TCR-CD3复合物的构象变化,动态驱动的TCR构象变化以及pMHC诱导的CD3亚基跨膜和胞质区域的结构变化。我们确定了必须填补的主要知识空白,以得到全面的TCR激活模型,该模型在分子水平上解释了如何在T细胞膜上传递pMHC特异性信息以启动细胞内信号传导。对这一过程的深入了解将加速针对TCR-CD3复合物的免疫治疗剂的合理设计。我们回顾了单分子和结构研究的证据,证明了TCR-CD3复合物受力诱导的构象变化,动态驱动的TCR变构,以及CD3亚基的跨膜和胞质区域中pMHC诱导的结构变化。我们确定了必须填补的主要知识空白,以得到全面的TCR激活模型,该模型在分子水平上解释了如何在T细胞膜上传递pMHC特异性信息以启动细胞内信号传导。对这一过程的深入了解将加速针对TCR-CD3复合物的免疫治疗剂的合理设计。对于pMHC诱导的CD3亚基跨膜和胞质区域的结构变化。我们确定了必须填补的主要知识空白,以得到全面的TCR激活模型,该模型在分子水平上解释了如何在T细胞膜上传递pMHC特异性信息以启动细胞内信号传导。对这一过程的深入了解将加速针对TCR-CD3复合物的免疫治疗剂的合理设计。对于pMHC诱导的CD3亚基跨膜和胞质区域的结构变化。我们确定了必须填补的主要知识空白,以得到全面的TCR激活模型,该模型在分子水平上解释了如何在T细胞膜上传递pMHC特异性信息以启动细胞内信号传导。对这一过程的深入了解将加速针对TCR-CD3复合物的免疫治疗剂的合理设计。
更新日期:2020-01-24
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