Over the past decade, the search for dietary factors on which to base cancer prevention guidelines has led to the rapid expansion of the field of dietary patterns and cancer. Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported epidemiological associations between specific cancer types and both data-driven dietary patterns determined by empirical analyses and investigator-defined dietary indexes based on a predetermined set of dietary components. New developments, such as the use of metabolomics to identify objective biomarkers of dietary patterns and novel statistical techniques, could provide further insights into the links between diet and cancer risk. Although animal models of dietary patterns are limited, progress in this area could identify the potential mechanisms underlying the disease-specific associations observed in epidemiological studies. In this Review, we summarize the current state of the field, provide a critical appraisal of new developments and identify priority areas for future research. An underlying theme that emerges is that the effectiveness of different dietary pattern recommendations in reducing risk could depend on the type of cancer or on other risk factors such as family history, sex, age and other lifestyle factors or comorbidities as well as on metabolomic signatures or gut microbiota profiles.

中文翻译：

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饮食习惯和罹患癌症的风险。

在过去的十年中，对作为癌症预防指南基础的饮食因素的探索导致饮食模式和癌症领域的迅速扩展。多个系统的综述和荟萃分析报告了特定癌症类型与数据驱动的饮食模式之间的流行病学关联，这些数据是由经验分析和研究人员根据预定的饮食成分确定的饮食指数确定的。新的发展，例如使用代谢组学来识别饮食模式的客观生物标志物和新颖的统计技术，可以为饮食与癌症风险之间的联系提供进一步的见解。尽管饮食模式的动物模型有限，该领域的进展可以确定流行病学研究中观察到的疾病特异性关联的潜在机制。在这篇综述中，我们总结了该领域的现状，对新的发展提供了重要的评估，并确定了未来研究的优先领域。出现的一个基本主题是，不同饮食模式建议在降低风险中的有效性可能取决于癌症的类型或其他风险因素，例如家族史，性别，年龄和其他生活方式因素或合并症，以及代谢组学特征或肠道菌群概况。