After the contribution of hot carriers to the current in solar cells has been considered, a physical and analytical model of open-circuit voltage is proposed. A variety of experiments on the temperature-dependent open-circuit voltage in solar cells that is one critical factor to determine their overall efficiency are successfully modeled based on the consideration of hot carriers. While previous modeling studies focused on numerical techniques, a physical and analytical model of the open-circuit voltage has been developed. Such a study is an important step toward a quantitative model of solar cells, leading to a deeper understanding of the physical effects in these materials. The analysis of the open-circuit voltage reveals how it depends on temperature, the acceptor density, the light-generated current density, the donor density, the bandgap, the effective mass, and the dielectric constant. A material parameter variation is performed to understand its effects on the open-circuit voltage. It will benefit to optimize the device performance by tuning material parameters through the simplicity and analytic nature of the proposed model. It is also helpful to characterize the material properties using the open-circuit voltage.

中文翻译：

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太阳能电池中温度相关开路电压的物理起源

在考虑了热载流子对太阳能电池电流的贡献后，提出了开路电压的物理和分析模型。基于对热载流子的考虑，太阳能电池中与温度相关的开路电压是决定其整体效率的一个关键因素，其各种实验成功地建模。虽然之前的建模研究侧重于数值技术，但已经开发了开路电压的物理和分析模型。这样的研究是朝着太阳能电池定量模型迈出的重要一步，有助于更深入地了解这些材料的物理效应。开路电压的分析揭示了它如何取决于温度、受体密度、光生电流密度、供体密度、带隙、有效质量和介电常数。执行材料参数变化以了解其对开路电压的影响。通过所提出模型的简单性和分析性质来调整材料参数，将有利于优化设备性能。使用开路电压表征材料特性也很有帮助。