Although tobacco smoking, pan chewing and alcohol drinking are important risk factors for head and neck cancer (HNC), the HNC risks conferred by products available in Nepal for these habits are unknown. We assessed the associations of tobacco smoking, chewing habits, and alcohol drinking with HNC risk in Nepal. A case–control study was conducted in Nepal with 549 incident HNC cases and 601 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. We observed increased HNC risk for tobacco smoking (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.06), chewing habits (OR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.77, 3.23), and alcohol drinking (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.18). The population attributable fraction (PAF) was 24.3% for tobacco smoking, 39.9% for chewing habits and 23.0% for alcohol drinking. Tobacco smoking, chewing habits, and alcohol drinking might be responsible for 85.3% of HNC cases. Individuals who smoked tobacco, chewed products and drank alcohol had a 13‐fold increase in HNC risk (OR: 12.83; 95% CI: 6.91, 23.81) compared to individuals who did not have any of these habits. Both high frequency and long duration of these habits were strong risk factors for HNC among the Nepalese with clear dose–response trends. Preventive strategies against starting these habits and support for quitting these habits are necessary to decrease the incidence of HNC in Nepal.

中文翻译：

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在尼泊尔吸烟、咀嚼习惯、饮酒和患头颈癌的风险。

尽管吸烟、咀嚼和饮酒是头颈癌 (HNC) 的重要危险因素，但尼泊尔现有产品对这些习惯的 HNC 风险尚不清楚。我们评估了吸烟、咀嚼习惯和饮酒与尼泊尔 HNC 风险之间的关联。在尼泊尔进行了一项病例对照研究，其中包括 549 例 HNC 病例和 601 例对照。优势比 (OR) 和 95% 置信区间 (CI) 使用无条件逻辑回归估计潜在混杂因素。我们观察到吸烟 (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.06)、咀嚼习惯 (OR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.77, 3.23) 和饮酒 (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.14、2.18）。吸烟的人口归因分数 (PAF) 为 24.3%，咀嚼习惯为 39.9%，饮酒为 23.0%。吸烟、咀嚼习惯和饮酒可能是造成 85.3% 的 HNC 病例的原因。与没有任何这些习惯的个体相比，吸烟、咀嚼产品和饮酒的个体 HNC 风险增加了 13 倍（OR：12.83；95% CI：6.91、23.81）。这些习惯的高频率和长持续时间都是尼泊尔人 HNC 的强烈危险因素，具有明显的剂量反应趋势。防止开始这些习惯的预防策略和支持戒掉这些习惯对于降低尼泊尔 HNC 的发生率是必要的。81）与没有任何这些习惯的人相比。这些习惯的高频率和长持续时间都是尼泊尔人 HNC 的强烈危险因素，具有明显的剂量反应趋势。防止开始这些习惯的预防策略和支持戒掉这些习惯对于降低尼泊尔 HNC 的发生率是必要的。81）与没有任何这些习惯的人相比。这些习惯的高频率和长持续时间都是尼泊尔人 HNC 的强烈危险因素，具有明显的剂量反应趋势。防止开始这些习惯的预防策略和支持戒掉这些习惯对于降低尼泊尔 HNC 的发生率是必要的。