Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

中文翻译：

---

所有人的双重系统：高阶、基于角色的关系推理作为人类认知的独特衍生特征

Hoerl 和 McCormack 证明，尽管动物拥有复杂的时间更新系统，但没有证据表明它们也拥有时间推理系统。这个重要的案例研究与更广泛的主张直接相关，即尽管动物显然能够进行一阶（基于感知的）关系推理，但它们缺乏更高阶的、基于角色的关系推理的能力。我们认为这种区别适用于所有认知领域。