Many African countries have recently experienced rapid growth in the numbers of medium- and large-scale farms. These developments have generated considerable speculation about the impacts of farmland concentration and inequality on smallholder households and communities. This study exploits inter-district variation in farm landholding patterns in Tanzania to determine how differences in localized farmland structure affect rural household incomes using nationally representative household panel survey data. Because farm structure is a multifaceted concept, five alternative indicators of farmland structure are defined for 142 districts in Tanzania: (i) the Gini coefficient; (ii) skewness; (iii) coefficient of variation; (iv) share of controlled farmland under medium-scale farms; and (v) share of controlled farmland under large farms. These alternative farm structure variables are included in models of rural household income to test their effects after controlling for available household and community covariates. The study highlights four main findings. First, most indicators of farmland concentration are positively associated with rural household incomes. Second, household incomes from farm and non-farm sources are positively and significantly associated with the share of land in the district controlled by farms in the 5–10 and 5–20 ha category. Third, these positive spillover benefits are smaller and less statistically significant in districts with a relatively high share of farmland controlled by farms over 20 ha in size. Fourth, poor rural households are least able to capture the positive spillovers generated by medium-scale farms and by concentrated farmland patterns.

中文翻译：

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农场结构会影响农村家庭收入吗？来自坦桑尼亚的证据

许多非洲国家最近经历了中大型农场数量的快速增长。这些事态发展引发了关于农田集中和不平等对小农家庭和社区影响的大量猜测。本研究利用具有全国代表性的家庭面板调查数据，利用坦桑尼亚农地持有模式的地区间差异来确定本地农田结构的差异如何影响农村家庭收入。由于农场结构是一个多方面的概念，坦桑尼亚 142 个地区定义了五个农田结构替代指标：(i) 基尼系数；(ii) 偏度；(iii) 变异系数；(iv) 中等规模农场下受控农田的份额；(v) 大型农场控制下的农田份额。这些替代农场结构变量包含在农村家庭收入模型中，以在控制可用的家庭和社区协变量后测试其影响。该研究突出了四个主要发现。首先，大多数农地集中度指标与农户收入呈正相关。其次，来自农场和非农场来源的家庭收入与 5-10 公顷和 5-20 公顷类别农场控制的地区的土地份额呈显着正相关。第三，在由 20 公顷以上农场控制的农田比例相对较高的地区，这些积极的溢出收益较小且在统计上不显着。第四，贫困农村家庭最不可能捕捉到中等规模农场和集中农田模式产生的积极溢出效应。