The recent progress and challenges in developing highly active microporous materials as heterogeneous electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are discussed. Due to the slow kinetics of ORR, the search for novel highly stable catalysts that can outperform Pt‐based ones is a growing demand. Functional microporous materials and exceptional chemical stability are of great interest due to their unique catalytic properties. The crucial rule of porosity and catalyst design strategies are thoroughly discussed with emphasis on the influence of the degree of microporosity on the material's intrinsic catalytic activity and the current best practice for catalyst testing and activity reporting. This Review focuses on microporous materials, which are classified into crystalline as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), or amorphous porous–organic polymers (POPs) as to their recent utilization in constructing efficient ORR electrocatalysts. The fundamental challenges in obtaining stable catalysts with appreciable kinetics from non‐noble metal ions, and ways to form them utilizing microporous solids as catalyst matrices, are reviewed. The fundamental criteria for future generation ORR catalysts based on microporous solids, including stability in acidic medium, high electrical conductivity, and accessibility of the active sites within the matrix are highlighted for guidance to future works.

中文翻译：

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微孔固体进入多相电催化的过程：氧还原反应

讨论了开发高活性微孔材料作为氧还原反应（ORR）的非均相电催化剂的最新进展和挑战。由于ORR的动力学很慢，因此寻求性能优于Pt基催化剂的新型高稳定性催化剂的需求正在增长。功能性微孔材料和出色的化学稳定性因其独特的催化性能而备受关注。深入讨论了孔隙率和催化剂设计策略的关键规则，重点是微孔度对材料固有催化活性的影响以及催化剂测试和活性报告的当前最佳实践。这篇评论的重点是微孔材料，它们被归类为金属有机骨架（MOF）的结晶，共价有机骨架（COFs）或无定形多孔有机聚合物（POPs）在最近用于构建有效的ORR电催化剂方面的应用。综述了从非贵金属离子获得具有相当动力学动力学的稳定催化剂的基本挑战，以及利用微孔固体作为催化剂基质形成催化剂的方法。强调了基于微孔固体的下一代ORR催化剂的基本标准，包括在酸性介质中的稳定性，高电导率以及基质中活性位点的可及性，以为将来的工作提供指导。综述了利用微孔固体作为催化剂基质形成它们的方法。强调了基于微孔固体的下一代ORR催化剂的基本标准，包括在酸性介质中的稳定性，高电导率以及基质中活性位点的可及性，以为将来的工作提供指导。综述了利用微孔固体作为催化剂基质形成它们的方法。强调了基于微孔固体的下一代ORR催化剂的基本标准，包括在酸性介质中的稳定性，高电导率以及基质中活性位点的可及性，以为将来的工作提供指导。