In addition to strain hardening and residual stress, damage influences the product performance of forward rod extruded parts. Damage is usually neglected and difficult to quantify. The evolution of ductile damage in metal forming is closely correlated to the load path. An experimental approach using automated energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) particle analysis in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to successfully quantify the void area fraction and obtain information on ductile damage. The method is performed on forward rod extruded 16MnCrS5 workpieces with varying extrusion strains and shoulder opening angles (and thus varying underlying load paths). The quantified damage is directly correlated to the load path, which can be described by the stress triaxiality evolution during forming. Density measurements were performed to further validate the results. By observing the change of strain-weighted stress triaxiality and maximum stress triaxiality, it is shown, that the maximum stress triaxiality is the decisive parameter enabling void nucleation.

除应变硬化和残余应力外，损坏还会影响前杆挤压零件的产品性能。损害通常被忽略并且难以量化。金属成形过程中延性损伤的演变与载荷路径密切相关。在自动扫描电子显微镜（SEM）中使用自动能量色散X射线光谱（EDX）颗粒分析的实验方法可成功量化空隙面积分数，并获得有关延性损伤的信息。该方法在前向挤压16MnCrS5工件上执行，该工件具有变化的挤压应变和肩部张开角度（因此变化了基本的载荷路径）。量化的损伤与载荷路径直接相关，这可以通过成型过程中的应力三轴性演变来描述。进行密度测量以进一步验证结果。通过观察应变加权应力三轴性和最大应力三轴性的变化，可以看出，最大应力三轴性是使空核成核的决定性参数。