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The Unlimited Potential of Microbial Rhodopsins as Optical Tools.
Biochemistry ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-16 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00768
Keiichi Kojima 1 , Atsushi Shibukawa 1 , Yuki Sudo 1
Affiliation  

Microbial rhodopsins, a photoactive membrane protein family, serve as fundamental tools for optogenetics, an innovative technology for controlling biological activities with light. Microbial rhodopsins are widely distributed in nature and have a wide variety of biological functions. Regardless of the many different known types of microbial rhodopsins, only a few of them have been used in optogenetics to control neural activity to understand neural networks. The efforts of our group have been aimed at identifying and characterizing novel rhodopsins from nature and also at engineering novel variant rhodopsins by rational design. On the basis of the molecular and functional characteristics of those novel rhodopsins, we have proposed new rhodopsin-based optogenetics tools to control not only neural activities but also "non-neural" activities. In this Perspective, we introduce the achievements and summarize future challenges in creating optogenetics tools using rhodopsins. The implementation of optogenetics deep inside an in vivo brain is the well-known challenge for existing rhodopsins. As a perspective to address this challenge, we introduce innovative optical illumination techniques using wavefront shaping that can reinforce the low light sensitivity of the rhodopsins and realize deep-brain optogenetics. The applications of our optogenetics tools could be extended to manipulate non-neural biological activities such as gene expression, apoptosis, energy production, and muscle contraction. We also discuss the potentially unlimited biotechnological applications of microbial rhodopsins in the future such as in photovoltaic devices and in drug delivery systems. We believe that advances in the field will greatly expand the potential uses of microbial rhodopsins as optical tools.

中文翻译:

微生物视紫红质作为光学工具的无限潜力。

微生物视紫红质是一种光敏膜蛋白家族,是光遗传学的基本工具,光遗传学是一种控制光生物活动的创新技术。微生物视紫红质在自然界中广泛分布并且具有多种生物学功能。不管微生物视紫红质有许多不同的已知类型,在光遗传学中仅使用了其中的几种来控制神经活动以理解神经网络。我们小组的工作旨在鉴定和鉴定来自自然界的新型视紫红质,并通过合理的设计来工程改造新型视紫红质。基于这些新型视紫红质的分子和功能特性,我们提出了新的基于视紫红质的光遗传学工具,不仅可以控制神经活动,而且还可以控制“非神经”活动。在此观点中,我们介绍了在使用视紫红质创建光遗传学工具方面的成就并总结了未来的挑战。对体内视紫红质的深入实施光遗传学是众所周知的挑战。为了解决这一挑战,我们介绍了使用波前整形的创新光学照明技术,该技术可以增强视紫红质的低光敏性并实现深脑光遗传学。我们的光遗传学工具的应用可以扩展到操纵非神经生物学活动,例如基因表达,凋亡,能量产生和肌肉收缩。我们还讨论了微生物视紫红质在未来的潜在无限生物技术应用,例如在光伏设备和药物输送系统中。
更新日期:2019-12-17
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