Life processes of ectothermic vertebrates are intimately linked to the temperature of their environment, influencing their metabolism, reproduction, behaviour and immune responses. In amphibians infected by the generalist chytrid pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), host survival, infection prevalence and infection intensity are often temperature- and/or seasonally dependent. However, the transcriptional underpinnings of thermal differences in infection responses remain unknown. Measuring the impact of temperature on host responses to infection is a key component for understanding climatic influences on chytrid disease dynamics. The Bd-responsive gene pathways in frogs are well documented, but our understanding of salamander immune expression profiles during infection with chytrids remains limited. Here we characterize the transcriptomic responses of Plethodon cinereus using RNA sequencing by comparing skin and splenic gene expression of individuals uninfected, succumbing to Bd infection and naturally cleared of Bd infection at three temperatures. We suggest that amphibian temperature-dependent susceptibility to Bd is probably driven by shifts in expression of the innate and adaptive immune axes. Our study shows increased expression of transcripts associated with inflammation at lower temperatures and a shift towards increased expression of adaptive immune genes, including MHC (major histocompatibility complex), at higher temperatures. In the face of climate change, and as concerns for the spread of emergent chytrid pathogens increase, our results provide important functional genomic resources to help understand how these pathogenic fungi may continue to affect amphibian communities globally in the future.

中文翻译：

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温度介导的sal对两栖类真菌的转录反应的变化。

外热脊椎动物的生命过程与环境温度密切相关，影响其代谢，繁殖，行为和免疫反应。在由多面性糜蛋白酶病原体巴氏梭菌（Bdtrachochytrium dendrobatidis，Bd）感染的两栖动物中，宿主的存活，感染率和感染强度通常与温度和/或季节有关。但是，感染反应中热差异的转录基础仍然未知。测量温度对宿主对感染的反应的影响是了解气候对壶菌病动态的影响的关键组成部分。青蛙中的Bd反应性基因途径已有充分的文献记载，但是我们对食糜菌感染过程中sal免疫表达谱的了解仍然有限。在这里，我们通过比较未感染个体的皮肤和脾脏基因表达，归因于Bd感染并在三个温度下自然清除了Bd感染，使用RNA测序表征了Plethodon cinereus的转录组反应。我们建议两栖动物对Bd的温度依赖性易感性可能是由先天性和适应性免疫轴表达的变化所驱动。我们的研究表明，在较低温度下与炎症相关的转录本表达增加，而在较高温度下向适应性免疫基因（包括MHC（主要组织相容性复合体））表达的增长趋向。面对气候变化，随着人们对出现的糜壶菌病原体扩散的担忧增加，