Skin wounds are among the most common injuries in animals and humans. Vertebrate skin is composed of an epidermis and dermis. After a deep skin injury in mammals, the wound heals, but the dermis cannot regenerate. Instead, collagenous scar tissue forms to fill the gap in the dermis, but the scar does not function like the dermis and often causes disfiguration. In contrast, in non-amniote vertebrates, including fish and amphibians, the dermis and skin derivatives are regenerated after a deep skin injury, without a recognizable scar remaining. Furthermore, skin regeneration can be compared with a higher level of organ regeneration represented by limb regeneration in these non-amniotes, as fish, anuran amphibians (frogs and toads), and urodele amphibians (newts and salamanders) have a high capacity for organ regeneration. Comparative studies of skin regeneration together with limb or other organ regeneration could reveal how skin regeneration is stepped up to a higher level of regeneration. The long history of regenerative biology research has revealed that fish, anurans, and urodeles have their own strengths as models for regeneration studies, and excellent model organisms of these non-amniote vertebrates that are suitable for molecular genetic studies are now available. Here, we summarize the advantages of fish, anurans, and urodeles for skin regeneration studies with special reference to three model organisms: zebrafish (Danio rerio), African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), and Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodele waltl). All three of these animals quickly cover skin wounds with the epidermis (wound epidermis formation) and regenerate the dermis and skin derivatives as adults. The availability of whole genome sequences, transgenesis, and genome editing with these models enables cell lineage tracing and the use of human disease models in skin regeneration phenomena, for example. Zebrafish present particular advantages in genetics research (e.g., human disease model and Cre-loxP system). Amphibians (X. laevis and P. waltl) have a skin structure (keratinized epidermis) common with humans, and skin regeneration in these animals can be stepped up to limb regeneration, a higher level of regeneration.

皮肤伤口是动物和人类最常见的伤害之一。脊椎动物的皮肤由表皮和真皮组成。在哺乳动物受到深层皮肤伤害后，伤口会he愈，但真皮无法再生。相反，形成的胶原疤痕组织会填满真皮中的缝隙，但疤痕的功能不像真皮，通常会引起变形。相反，在包括鱼和两栖动物在内的非羊膜脊椎动物中，真皮和皮肤衍生物在深层皮肤损伤后会再生，而不会留下可识别的疤痕。此外，可以将皮肤再生与这些非羊膜动物的肢体再生所代表的更高水平的器官再生进行比较，因为鱼类，无色两栖动物（青蛙和蟾蜍）和无尾两栖动物（new和sal）具有较高的器官再生能力。 。皮肤再生与肢体或其他器官再生一起的比较研究可以揭示皮肤再生如何逐步提高到更高的再生水平。再生生物学研究的悠久历史表明，鱼类，无核小动物和无尾类动物具有自身的优势，可以作为再生研究的模型，并且现在可以找到适合分子遗传学研究的这些非羊膜脊椎动物的优秀模型生物。在这里，我们总结了鱼类，无脊椎动物和无尾藻在皮肤再生研究中的优势，并特别参考了三种模式生物：斑马鱼（乌拉德勒犬和梭子蟹作为再生研究的模型有其自身的优势，现在可以得到适合分子遗传学研究的这些非羊膜脊椎动物的优秀模型生物。在这里，我们总结了鱼类，无脊椎动物和无尾藻在皮肤再生研究中的优势，并特别参考了三种模式生物：斑马鱼（乌拉德勒犬和梭子蟹作为再生研究的模型有其自身的优势，现在可以得到适合分子遗传学研究的这些非羊膜脊椎动物的优秀模型生物。在这里，我们总结了鱼类，无脊椎动物和无尾藻在皮肤再生研究中的优势，并特别参考了三种模式生物：斑马鱼（Danio rerio），非洲爪蛙（Xenopus laevis）和伊比利亚带肋new（Pleurodele waltl）。所有这三只动物都迅速用表皮覆盖皮肤伤口（伤口表皮形成），并在成年后再生真皮和皮肤衍生物。例如，使用这些模型可获得全基因组序列，进行转基因和进行基因组编辑，从而可以追踪细胞谱系，并在皮肤再生现象中使用人类疾病模型。斑马鱼在遗传学研究中具有特殊优势（例如，人类疾病模型和Cre-loxP系统）。两栖动物（X. laevis和P. waltl）具有人类常见的皮肤结构（角质化表皮），并且这些动物的皮肤再生可加速至肢体再生，从而达到更高的再生水平。