Within ecological communities, species engage in myriad interaction types, yet empirical examples of hybrid species interaction networks composed of multiple types of interactions are still scarce. A key knowledge gap is understanding how the structure and stability of such hybrid networks are affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Using 15,169 interaction observations, we constructed 16 hybrid herbivore-plant-pollinator networks along an agricultural intensification gradient to explore changes in network structure and robustness to local extinctions. We found that agricultural intensification led to declines in modularity but increases in nestedness and connectance. Notably, network connectance, a structural feature typically thought to increase robustness, caused declines in hybrid network robustness, but the directionality of changes in robustness along the gradient depended on the order of local species extinctions. Our results not only demonstrate the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on hybrid network structure, but they also provide unexpected insights into the structure-stability relationship of hybrid networks.

中文翻译：

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农业集约化通过修改网络结构来驱动混合网络健壮性的变化。

在生态社区内，物种参与了无数种相互作用类型，但是仍然缺乏由多种类型的相互作用组成的杂种相互作用网络的经验例子。一个关键的知识鸿沟是了解人为干扰如何影响这种混合网络的结构和稳定性。利用15169个相互作用的观察，我们沿着农业集约化梯度构建了16个杂草食草植物-传粉媒介网络，以探索网络结构的变化和对局部灭绝的鲁棒性。我们发现，农业集约化导致模块化程度下降，但嵌套性和联系性增加。值得注意的是，网络连接性（通常被认为会提高鲁棒性的结构性特征）导致混合网络鲁棒性下降，但是，沿着梯度的健壮性变化的方向性取决于局部物种灭绝的顺序。我们的结果不仅证明了人为干扰对混合网络结构的影响，而且还为混合网络的结构稳定性关系提供了意想不到的见识。