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Can postfertile life stages evolve as an anticancer mechanism?
PLOS Biology ( IF 9.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-05 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000565
Frédéric Thomas 1 , Mathieu Giraudeau 1 , François Renaud 1 , Beata Ujvari 2, 3 , Benjamin Roche 1, 4, 5 , Pascal Pujol 1, 6 , Michel Raymond 7 , Jean-François Lemaitre 8 , Alexandra Alvergne 7, 9
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Why a postfertile stage has evolved in females of some species has puzzled evolutionary biologists for over 50 years. We propose that existing adaptive explanations have underestimated in their formulation an important parameter operating both at the specific and the individual levels: the balance between cancer risks and cancer defenses. During their life, most multicellular organisms naturally accumulate oncogenic processes in their body. In parallel, reproduction, notably the pregnancy process in mammals, exacerbates the progression of existing tumors in females. When, for various ecological or evolutionary reasons, anticancer defenses are too weak, given cancer risk, older females could not pursue their reproduction without triggering fatal metastatic cancers, nor even maintain a normal reproductive physiology if the latter also promotes the growth of existing oncogenic processes, e.g., hormone-dependent malignancies. At least until stronger anticancer defenses are selected for in these species, females could achieve higher inclusive fitness by ceasing their reproduction and/or going through menopause (assuming that these traits are easier to select than anticancer defenses), thereby limiting the risk of premature death due to metastatic cancers. Because relatively few species experience such an evolutionary mismatch between anticancer defenses and cancer risks, the evolution of prolonged life after reproduction could also be a rare, potentially transient, anticancer adaptation in the animal kingdom.

中文翻译:

生育后生命阶段是否可以发展为抗癌机制?

在某些物种的雌性中为什么经历了生育后阶段的进化,使进化生物学家困惑了50多年。我们建议,现有的适应性解释在其表述中低估了在具体水平和个人水平上均起作用的重要参数:癌症风险与癌症防御之间的平衡。在其一生中,大多数多细胞生物自然在其体内积累致癌过程。同时,繁殖,特别是哺乳动物的怀孕过程,加剧了雌性现有肿瘤的进展。如果出于各种生态或进化原因,由于癌症风险,抗癌防御能力太弱,那么老年女性就无法在不引发致命性转移性癌症的情况下继续繁殖,如果后者也能促进现有致癌过程(例如激素依赖性恶性肿瘤)的生长,甚至不能维持正常的生殖生理。至少在为这些物种选择更强的抗癌防御之前,雌性可以通过停止生殖和/或经历更年期来实现更高的包容性(假设这些特征比抗癌防御更容易选择),从而限制了过早死亡的风险由于转移性癌症。由于相对较少的物种在抗癌防御和癌症风险之间经历了这样的进化失配,因此繁殖后寿命延长的进化在动物界中也可能是罕见的,可能是暂时的抗癌适应性。至少在为这些物种选择更强的抗癌防御之前,雌性可以通过停止其繁殖和/或经历更年期来实现更高的包容性(假设这些特征比抗癌防御更容易选择),从而限制了过早死亡的风险由于转移性癌症。由于相对较少的物种在抗癌防御和癌症风险之间经历了这样的进化失配,因此繁殖后寿命延长的进化在动物界中也可能是罕见的,可能是暂时的抗癌适应性。至少在为这些物种选择更强的抗癌防御之前,雌性可以通过停止其繁殖和/或经历更年期来实现更高的包容性(假设这些特征比抗癌防御更容易选择),从而限制了过早死亡的风险由于转移性癌症。由于相对较少的物种在抗癌防御和癌症风险之间经历了这样的进化失配,因此繁殖后寿命延长的进化在动物界中也可能是罕见的,可能是暂时的抗癌适应性。从而限制了因转移性癌症而过早死亡的风险。由于相对较少的物种在抗癌防御和癌症风险之间经历了这样的进化失配,因此繁殖后寿命延长的进化在动物界中也可能是罕见的,可能是暂时的抗癌适应性。从而限制了因转移性癌症而过早死亡的风险。由于相对较少的物种在抗癌防御和癌症风险之间经历了这样的进化失配,因此繁殖后寿命延长的进化也可能是动物界中一种罕见的,可能是暂时的抗癌适应症。
更新日期:2019-12-06
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