Volatile monoterpenes are emitted in large quantities to both air and soil by many plant species. While studies have addressed effects of monoterpenes on aboveground invertebrates, we have much poorer understanding of the possible effects of monoterpenes on soil invertebrates. Monoterpenes play a protective role in some plant species during heat and water stress, and therefore may provide similar protection against abiotic stress to soil invertebrates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the common monoterpene, α-pinene, on the soil living springtail, Folsomia candida (Collembola; Isotomidae). We hypothesized that exposure to α-pinene would lower the transition temperature of membranes, and thereby improve cold tolerance. Controlled exposure to α-pinene, which is a volatile liquid at room temperature, was made possible by passive dosing through the air-phase using a lipid donor. This lipid-based passive dosing approach also allows linking observed effects to concentrations in membrane when equilibrium is achieved. Equilibrium membrane concentrations above 116 mmol kg-1 caused springtails to become comatose, and coma recovery time was proportional to exposure concentration. Alpha-pinene delayed time to first egg laying, while the number of eggs laid and hatchability was unaffected. Springtails exposed to α-pinene showed increased survival of cold shock (-6 °C, 2 h), but no effects on heat (34 °C, 2 h) or drought tolerance (98.2% relative humidity, 7d) were observed. The present study has demonstrated that α-pinene has direct toxic effects to F. candida, but on the other hand can improve their cold tolerance considerably at membrane concentrations above 87 mmol kg-1.

中文翻译：

---

α-pine烯对念珠菌生活史特征和胁迫耐受性的影响。

挥发性单萜被许多植物物种大量排放到空气和土壤中。虽然研究已经研究了单萜类对地上无脊椎动物的影响，但我们对单萜类对土壤无脊椎动物可能的影响的了解还很差。单萜在热和水分胁迫期间在某些植物物种中起保护作用，因此可以提供类似的保护，以防止对无脊椎动物的非生物胁迫。本研究的目的是研究常见的单萜α-pine烯对生活在土壤中的跳果（Folsomia candida，Collembola； Isotomidae）的影响。我们假设暴露于α-pine烯会降低膜的转变温度，从而提高耐寒性。受控暴露于室温下为挥发性液体的α-pine烯，通过使用脂质供体在空气中进行被动定量给药，可以使药物成为可能。当达到平衡时，这种基于脂质的被动给药方法还可以将观察到的效应与膜中的浓度联系起来。高于116 mmol kg-1的平衡膜浓度会导致尾巴变得昏迷，并且昏迷恢复时间与暴露浓度成正比。α-pine烯延缓了第一次产卵的时间，而产卵数和孵化率没有受到影响。暴露于α-pine烯的跳虫显示出增加的冷休克（-6°C，2 h）存活率，但未观察到对热（34°C，2 h）或耐旱性（98.2％相对湿度，7d）的影响。本研究表明，α-pine烯对念珠菌具有直接的毒性作用，