Dynamic immunoimaging in vivo is crucial in patient-tailored immunotherapies to identify patients who will benefit from immunotherapies, monitor therapeutic efficacy post treatment, and determine alternative strategies for nonresponders. Nanoparticles have played a major role in the immunotherapy landscape. In this review, we summarize recent findings in immunoimaging where smart nanoparticles target, detect, stimulate, and deliver therapeutic dose in vivo. Nanoparticles interfaced with an immunoimaging toolbox enable the use of multiple modalities and achieve depth-resolved whole-body tracking of immunomarkers with high accuracy both before and after treatment. We highlight how functional nanoparticles track T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs), and facilitate image-guided interventions.

体内动态免疫成像在为患者量身定制的免疫疗法中至关重要，以识别将从免疫疗法中受益的患者，监测治疗后的治疗效果并确定无反应者的替代策略。纳米颗粒在免疫治疗领域起着重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了免疫成像中的最新发现，其中智能纳米粒子靶向，检测，刺激并在体内提供治疗剂量。与免疫成像工具箱相连的纳米粒子可以使用多种方式，并在治疗前后均能以深度解析的方式对免疫标记物进行全身高精度跟踪。我们重点介绍功能性纳米粒子如何跟踪T细胞，树突状细胞（DC），肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）和免疫检查点受体（ICR），并促进图像引导的干预。