A central challenge of sensor technology is that the sensitivity of analytical detection is required to reach a single analyte entity level, whether it is a molecule, a cell or a nanoparticle. The emergence of nano-impact electrochemistry (NIE) allows in situ detection of single analyte entity one at a time with simplicity, fast response and high throughput. NIE method was originally designed to characterize physical and chemical properties of the corresponding single nanoparticles, and has been later extended into the field of bio-analysis, enabling better understanding of biological heterogeneity and providing new route for developing new diagnostic devices for quantifying biological analytes. A wide range of biological species including DNA, RNA, enzymes, bacteria, vesicles and cells has been already studied using NIE method so far. In this review, we first summarize the basic principles of NIE for bio-analyte detection and then elaborate NIE based bio-analysis categorized by analyte types. Finally, we give an outlook on the future prospects of this field.

传感器技术的主要挑战是，要达到单个分析物实体水平，无论是分子，细胞还是纳米颗粒，都需要分析检测的灵敏度。纳米碰撞电化学（NIE）的出现允许原位简单，快速响应和高通量，一次检测单个分析物实体。NIE方法最初旨在表征相应单个纳米颗粒的物理和化学性质，后来又扩展到生物分析领域，从而可以更好地了解生物异质性，并为开发用于定量分析生物分析物的新诊断设备提供了新途径。到目前为止，已经使用NIE方法研究了广泛的生物物种，包括DNA，RNA，酶，细菌，囊泡和细胞。在这篇综述中，我们首先总结了用于生物分析物检测的NIE的基本原理，然后详细阐述了按分析物类型分类的基于NIE的生物分析。最后，我们对该领域的未来前景进行了展望。