The vision of a hydrogen economy relies on efficient utilization and production of hydrogen in a hydrogen fuel cell and a water electrolyzer. In both technologies, the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) account for the most efficiency loss because the reactions on catalytic sites are constrained by adsorption-energy scaling relations involving intermediates of *OOH, *O, and *OH (where * denotes the active site). Therefore, a novel paradigm for catalyst design is required by overcoming or circumventing the adsorption-energy scaling relations. In this Review, the fundamentals of oxygen electrocatalysis, including reaction of the mechanism and origin of the adsorption-energy scaling relationship, are first introduced. Crucial strategies to overcome the scaling relations are then summarized. Finally, future research directions in this area are proposed. This work provides guidelines for the rational design of efficient catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis beyond the limitation posed by scaling relations.

氢经济的愿景取决于氢燃料电池和水电解槽中氢的有效利用和生产。在这两种技术中，氧气还原反应（ORR）和氧气释放反应（OER）的反应动力学缓慢都是造成效率损失最多的原因，因为催化位点上的反应受涉及* OOH，* O， * OH（其中*表示活动位点）。因此，通过克服或规避吸附能比例关系，需要一种新颖的催化剂设计范式。在这篇综述中，首先介绍了氧电催化的基本原理，包括机理的反应和吸附能结垢关系的起源。然后总结了克服比例关系的关键策略。最后，提出了该领域的未来研究方向。这项工作为氧电催化有效催化剂的合理设计提供了指导，以克服比例关系带来的限制。