Abstract γ-M23C6 carbide often forms at grain boundaries in creep-resistant steels and plays a crucial role in creep resistance by blocking microstructural changes at elevated temperatures. Given that the dislocations and stacking faults (SFs) in carbides may affect their stability, the observation of SF formation in γ-M23C6 using atomic-scale microscopy has implications for Cr-rich creep-resistant steels. Our analysis of SF energies (SFEs) derived from density functional theory calculations reveals that the SFEs are high, which suggests that the SF is not induced by external shear stress deformation but by lattice misfit between conjoined subgrains nucleated from the same austenite grain.

中文翻译：

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富铬γ-M23C6碳化物生长诱导层错的直接观察和建模

摘要 γ-M23C6 碳化物通常在抗蠕变钢的晶界处形成，并且通过阻止高温下的显微组织变化而在抗蠕变方面起着至关重要的作用。鉴于碳化物中的位错和堆垛层错 (SFs) 可能会影响其稳定性，使用原子级显微镜观察 γ-M23C6 中 SF 的形成对富铬抗蠕变钢有影响。我们对从密度泛函理论计算得出的 SF 能量 (SFE) 的分析表明 SFE 很高，这表明 SF 不是由外部剪切应力变形引起的，而是由同一奥氏体晶粒成核的连体亚晶粒之间的晶格失配引起的。