3D printing (3DP) has transformed engineering, manufacturing, and the use of advanced materials due to its ability to produce objects from a variety of materials, ranging from soft polymers to rigid ceramics. 3DP offers the advantage of being able to print at a variety of lengths scales; from a few micrometers to many meters. 3DP has the unique ability to produce customized small lots, efficiently. Yet, one crucial industry that has not been able to adequately explore its potential is textile manufacturing. The research in 3DP of textiles has lagged behind other areas primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining some of the unique characteristics of strength, flexibility, etc., of textiles, utilizing a fundamentally different manufacturing technology. Textiles are their own class of materials due to the specific structural developments that occur during the various stages of textile manufacturing: from fiber extrusion to assembly of the fibers to fabrics. Here, the current 3DP technologies are reviewed with emphasis on soft and anisotropic structures, as well as the efforts toward 3DP of textiles. Finally, a potential pathway to 3DP of textiles, dubbed as printing with fibers to create textile structures is proposed for further exploration.

中文翻译：

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纺织品的3D打印：纤维印刷的潜在路线图。

3D打印（3DP）由于能够从软聚合物到硬质陶瓷等多种材料中生产物体，因此已经改变了工程，制造和先进材料的使用方式。3DP的优点是可以在各种长度的比例尺上进行打印；从几微米到几米。3DP具有高效生产定制小批量产品的独特能力。然而，纺织业是一个尚未充分挖掘其潜力的关键产业。纺织品3DP的研究落后于其他领域，这主要是由于难以利用根本不同的制造技术来获得纺织品的某些强度，柔韧性等独特特征。由于在纺织品制造的各个阶段（从纤维挤出到纤维组装到织物）的各个阶段都发生了特定的结构变化，因此纺织品是它们自己的材料类别。在这里，对当前的3DP技术进行了回顾，重点是柔软和各向异性的结构，以及对纺织品3DP的努力。最后，提出了一种潜在的通往3DP纺织品的途径，该途径被称为用纤维印刷以创建纺织品结构，以供进一步探索。