Hydrogels can mimic several features of the cell native microenvironment and have been widely used as synthetic extracellular matrices (ECMs) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). However, some applications have specifications that hydrogels cannot efficiently fulfill on their own. Incorporating reinforcing structures like fibrous scaffolds or particles into hydrogels, as hybrid systems, is a promising strategy to improve their functionality. We describe recent advances in the fabrication and application of these hybrid systems, where structural properties and stimuli responsiveness of hydrogels are enhanced while their ECM-like features are preserved. Furthermore, we discuss how these systems can contribute to the development of more complex tissue engineered structures in the rapidly evolving field of TERM.

中文翻译：

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水凝胶升级：组织工程中的混合系统。

水凝胶可以模拟细胞天然微环境的几个特征，并已广泛用作组织工程和再生医学（TERM）中的合成细胞外基质（ECM）。然而，某些应用具有水凝胶不能独自有效实现的规格。将诸如纤维支架或颗粒之类的增强结构掺入水凝胶中，作为混合系统，是改善其功能性的一种有前途的策略。我们描述了在这些混合系统的制造和应用中的最新进展，其中保留了水凝胶的结构特性和刺激响应能力，同时保留了类似ECM的功能。此外，我们讨论了这些系统如何在TERM迅速发展的领域中促进更复杂的组织工程结构的发展。