BACKGROUND Clinacanthus nutans Lindau (C. nutans) is a species of in Acanthaceae family and primarily used in South East Asian countries. C. nutans is well known as Sabah snake grass in Malaysia, and its leaves have diverse medicinal potential in conventional applications, including cancer treatments. On the basis of literature search, there is less conclusive evidence of the involvement of phytochemical constituents in breast cancer, in particular, animal tumor models. The current study aimed to determine the antitumor and antioxidant activities of C. nutans extract in 4 T1 tumor-bearing mice. METHODS C. nutans leaves were subjected to methanol extraction and divided into two different concentrations, 200 mg/kg (low-dose) and 1000 mg/kg (high-dose). The antitumor effects of C. nutans extracts were assessed using bone marrow smearing, clonogenic, and splenocyte immunotype analyses. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin, tumor weight and tumor volume profiles also used to indicate apoptosis appearance. Serum cytokine levels were examined using ELISA assay. In addition, nitric oxide assay reflecting antioxidant activity was performed. RESULTS From the results obtained, the methanol extract of C. nutans leaves at 200 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and 1000 mg/kg (P < 0.05) showed a significant decrease in nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the blood. On the other hand, C. nutans extract (1000 mg/kg) also showed a significant decrease in the number of mitotic cells, tumor weight, and tumor volume. No inflammatory and adverse reactions related to splenocytes activities were found in all treated groups of mice. Despite its promising results, the concentration of both C. nutans extracts have also reduced the number of colonies formed in the liver and lungs. CONCLUSION In conclusion, C. nutans extracts exert antitumor and antioxidant activities against 4 T1 mouse breast model with no adverse effect and inflammatory response at high dose of 1000 mg/kg, indicating an effective and complementary approach for cancer prevention and treatment.

中文翻译：

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桔梗对四只T1荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤和抗氧化作用。

背景技术（Clinacanthus nutans）Lindau（C. nutans）是棘皮科的一种，主要用于东南亚国家。C. nutans在马来西亚被称为沙巴蛇草，其叶子在常规应用（包括癌症治疗）中具有多种药用潜力。在文献检索的基础上，鲜有确凿的证据表明植物化学成分参与了乳腺癌，特别是动物肿瘤模型。当前的研究旨在确定胡桃木提取物在4只T1荷瘤小鼠中的抗肿瘤和抗氧化活性。方法用坚果仁提取物对甲醇梭菌叶进行甲醇提取，并分为两种不同的浓度：200 mg / kg（低剂量）和1000 mg / kg（高剂量）。使用骨髓涂片，克隆形成，和脾细胞免疫型分析。此外，苏木精和曙红，肿瘤重量和肿瘤体积特征也用于指示细胞凋亡的出现。使用ELISA测定法检查血清细胞因子水平。另外，进行了反映抗氧化剂活性的一氧化氮测定。结果从获得的结果来看，南美C叶的甲醇提取物在200 mg / kg（P <0.05）和1000 mg / kg（P <0.05）时，一氧化氮（NO）和丙二醛（MDA）含量显着降低。在血液中。另一方面，C。nutans提取物（1000 mg / kg）也显示出有丝分裂细胞数量，肿瘤重量和肿瘤体积的显着减少。在所有治疗组的小鼠中均未发现与脾细胞活性相关的炎症和不良反应。尽管取得了令人鼓舞的结果，但两者的浓度 坚果提取物还减少了在肝和肺中形成的菌落数量。结论总的来说，C。nutans提取物对4 T1小鼠乳腺模型具有抗肿瘤和抗氧化活性，在1000 mg / kg的高剂量下无不良反应和炎症反应，表明了一种有效且互补的癌症预防和治疗方法。