Abstract Urban areas are growing worldwide and alter landscapes in a persistent fashion, thereby affecting biodiversity and ecosystem services such as pollination in a little understood way. Here we present a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature to identify the drivers of urban pollinator populations and pollination. A total of 141 studies were reviewed and qualitatively analyzed. Pollinator responses to urbanization were contrasting. We contend that positive responses were often associated with urban sprawl, i.e. moderate levels of urbanization of rural, mostly agricultural land below 50% impervious surface, whereas high levels of densification with high percentages of sealed and built-up area (above 50%), largely led to pollinator declines and loss of pollination services. Further, urbanization generally reduced pollinator diversity when compared to natural or semi-natural areas, but enhanced it when compared to intensified agricultural landscapes. In addition, pollinator responses were commonly highly trait- and scale-specific. Cavity nesters and generalist species usually profited more from urbanization than ground nesters and specialists. Overall, urban pollinator communities still seem to provide sufficient pollination services to wild vegetation and crops. Pollinator diversity generally increased with the amount of urban green spaces at the landscape scale, and locally with availability of nesting resources and flowering plants. Positive effects of floral additions were largely independent of the plant’s origin, whether native or non-native. Only a few studies included landscape configuration. Likewise, abiotic urban drivers, e.g. heat island effects and air and light pollution, remain little studied. Tropical and developing regions, most heavily impacted by current and future urbanization, are strongly underrepresented. We conclude that biodiversity-friendly urbanization can make a valuable contribution to pollinator conservation, in particular in face of the continued intensification of rural agriculture.

中文翻译：

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城市化如何推动传粉媒介多样性和授粉——系统评价

摘要 城市地区在世界范围内不断发展，并以持久的方式改变景观，从而以一种鲜为人知的方式影响生物多样性和生态系统服务，例如授粉。在这里，我们对同行评审文献进行了系统回顾，以确定城市传粉媒介种群和授粉的驱动因素。共审查和定性分析了 141 项研究。传粉者对城市化的反应是截然不同的。我们认为，积​​极的反应通常与城市扩张有关，即中等水平的农村城市化，主要是不透水面低于 50% 的农业用地，而高密度化与高百分比的封闭和建成区（高于 50%），主要导致授粉媒介减少和授粉服务丧失。更多，与自然或半自然区域相比，城市化通常会减少传粉媒介的多样性，但与集约化的农业景观相比，它会增强。此外，传粉者的反应通常具有高度的特征和尺度特异性。洞穴筑巢者和通才物种通常比地面筑巢者和专家从城市化中获益更多。总体而言，城市传粉者社区似乎仍然为野生植被和作物提供足够的授粉服务。传粉媒介多样性通常随着景观尺度上城市绿地数量的增加以及当地筑巢资源和开花植物的可用性而增加。添加花卉的积极影响在很大程度上与植物的来源无关，无论是本地的还是非本地的。只有少数研究包括景观配置。同样地，非生物城市驱动因素，例如热岛效应以及空气​​和光污染，仍然鲜有研究。受当前和未来城市化影响最严重的热带和发展中地区的代表性严重不足。我们得出的结论是，生物多样性友好型城市化可以为传粉媒介保护做出宝贵贡献，尤其是在农村农业持续集约化的情况下。