During infections, interactions between host immune cells and the pathogen occur in distinct anatomical locations and along defined time scales. This can best be assessed in the physiological context of an infection in the living tissue. Consequently, intravital imaging has enabled us to dissect the critical phases and events throughout an infection in real time in living tissues. Specifically, advances in visualizing specific cell types and individual pathogens permitted tracking the early events of tissue invasion of the pathogen, cellular interactions involved in the induction of the immune response as well the events implicated in clearance of the infection. In this respect, two vantage points have evolved since the initial employment of this technique in the field of infection biology. On the one hand, strategies acquired by the pathogen to establish within the host and circumvent or evade the immune defenses have been elucidated. On the other hand, analyzing infections from the immune system's perspective has led to insights into the dynamic cellular interactions that are involved in the initial recognition of the pathogen, immune induction as well as effector function delivery and immunopathology. Furthermore, an increasing interest in probing functional parameters in vivo has emerged, such as the analysis of pathogen reactivity to stress conditions imposed by the host organism in order to mediate clearance upon pathogen encounter. Here, we give an overview on recent intravital microscopy findings of host-pathogen interactions along the course of an infection, from both the immune system's and pathogen's perspectives. We also discuss recent developments and future perspectives in extracting intravital information beyond the localization of pathogens and their interaction with immune cells. Such reporter systems on the pathogen's physiological state and immune cell functions may prove useful in dissecting the functional dynamics of host-pathogen interactions. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

中文翻译：

---

从感染的摇篮到坟墓：通过活体显微镜观察宿主-病原体相互作用。

在感染过程中，宿主免疫细胞和病原体之间的相互作用发生在不同的解剖位置和定义的时间尺度上。这可以在活组织感染的生理环境中进行最好的评估。因此，活体成像使我们能够在活组织中实时剖析整个感染过程中的关键阶段和事件。具体而言，在可视化特定细胞类型和单个病原体方面取得的进展允许追踪病原体组织侵入的早期事件、参与诱导免疫反应的细胞相互作用以及与感染清除有关的事件。在这方面，自从在感染生物学领域首次采用这种技术以来，已经形成了两个有利位置。一方面，病原体获得的在宿主体内建立并规避或逃避免疫防御的策略已被阐明。另一方面，从免疫系统的角度分析感染可以深入了解与病原体的初步识别、免疫诱导以及效应子功能传递和免疫病理学相关的动态细胞相互作用。此外，人们对探测体内功能参数越来越感兴趣，例如分析病原体对宿主生物施加的压力条件的反应性，以便在遇到病原体时介导清除。在这里，我们从免疫系统和病原体的角度概述了最近在感染过程中宿主-病原体相互作用的活体显微镜检查结果。我们还讨论了在病原体定位及其与免疫细胞相互作用之外提取活体信息的最新进展和未来前景。这种关于病原体生理状态和免疫细胞功能的报告系统可能有助于剖析宿主-病原体相互作用的功能动力学。© 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。