Virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Pigs can also have a role in zoonotic transmission of some viral infections to humans. Inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines are available against porcine viral infections with variable efficacy under field conditions. Thus, improvements over existing vaccines are necessary to: (1) Increase the breadth of protection against evolving viral strains and subtypes; (2) Control of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) Eradicate viruses localized in different geographic areas; and (4) Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals to improve disease control programs. Nanoparticles (NPs) generated from virus-like particles, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and liposomes offer many advantages as vaccine delivery platform due to their unique physicochemical properties. NPs help in efficient antigen internalization and processing by antigen presenting cells and activate them to elicit innate and adaptive immunity. Some of the NPs-based vaccines could be delivered through both parenteral and mucosal routes to trigger efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses and could be used to target specific immune cells such as mucosal microfold (M) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In conclusion, NPs-based vaccines can serve as novel candidate vaccines against several porcine viral infections with the potential to enhance the broader protective efficacy under field conditions. This review highlights the recent developments in NPs-based vaccines against porcine viral pathogens and how the NPs-based vaccine delivery system induces innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in varied level of protective efficacy.

中文翻译：

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基于纳米颗粒的猪病毒感染疫苗的开发和评估。

病毒感染给养猪业带来持续的健康挑战，导致全球严重的经济损失。猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪流感病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、口蹄疫病毒等病毒感染造成的经济负担与严重的发病率、死亡率、生产损失、贸易有关对控制和预防措施的限制和投资。猪还可能在某些病毒感染向人类的人畜共患传播中发挥作用。灭活病毒疫苗和改良活病毒疫苗可针对猪病毒感染，在野外条件下具有不同的功效。因此，有必要对现有疫苗进行改进，以： (1) 扩大针对不断进化的病毒株和亚型的保护范围；(2) 控制新出现和重新出现的病毒；(3) 根除分布在不同地理区域的病毒；(4) 区分感​​染者和接种疫苗的动物，以改进疾病控制计划。由病毒样颗粒、可生物降解和生物相容性聚合物和脂质体产生的纳米颗粒（NP）由于其独特的理化性质，作为疫苗递送平台具有许多优势。纳米粒子有助于抗原呈递细胞有效地内化和处理抗原，并激活它们以引发先天性和适应性免疫。一些基于纳米颗粒的疫苗可以通过肠胃外和粘膜途径递送，以触发有效的粘膜和全身免疫反应，并可用于靶向特定的免疫细胞，例如粘膜微褶皱（M）细胞和树突状细胞（DC）。总之，基于纳米颗粒的疫苗可以作为针对多种猪病毒感染的新型候选疫苗，并有可能增强现场条件下更广泛的保护效力。本综述重点介绍了针对猪病毒病原体的基于纳米颗粒的疫苗的最新进展，以及基于纳米颗粒的疫苗传递系统如何诱导先天性和适应性免疫反应，从而产生不同水平的保护功效。