Different oscillations of brain networks could carry different dimensions of brain integration. We aimed to investigate oscillation-specific nodal alterations in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) across early stage to middle stage by using graph theory-based analysis. Eighty-eight PD patients including 39 PD patients in the early stage (EPD) and 49 patients in the middle stage (MPD) and 36 controls were recruited in the present study. Graph theory-based network analyses from three oscillation frequencies (slow-5: 0.01–0.027 Hz; slow-4: 0.027–0.073 Hz; slow-3: 0.073–0.198 Hz) were analyzed. Nodal metrics (e.g. nodal degree centrality, betweenness centrality and nodal efficiency) were calculated. Our results showed that (1) a divergent effect of oscillation frequencies on nodal metrics, especially on nodal degree centrality and nodal efficiency, that the anteroventral neocortex and subcortex had high nodal metrics within low oscillation frequencies while the posterolateral neocortex had high values within the relative high oscillation frequency was observed, which visually showed that network was perturbed in PD; (2) PD patients in early stage relatively preserved nodal properties while MPD patients showed widespread abnormalities, which was consistently detected within all three oscillation frequencies; (3) the involvement of basal ganglia could be specifically observed within slow-5 oscillation frequency in MPD patients; (4) logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that some of those oscillation-specific nodal alterations had the ability to well discriminate PD patients from controls or MPD from EPD patients at the individual level; (5) occipital disruption within high frequency (slow-3) made a significant influence on motor impairment which was dominated by akinesia and rigidity. Coupling various oscillations could provide potentially useful information for large-scale network and progressive oscillation-specific nodal alterations were observed in PD patients across early to middle stages.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病早期至中期的振荡特异性淋巴结改变

大脑网络的不同振荡可能带来不同维度的大脑整合。我们的目的是通过使用基于图论的分析来研究帕金森病（PD）患者从早期到中期的振荡特异性淋巴结改变。本研究招募了 88 名 PD 患者，其中早期 PD 患者 (EPD) 39 例，中期 (MPD) 49 例，以及 36 名对照者。对三个振荡频率（slow-5：0.01–0.027 Hz；slow-4：0.027–0.073 Hz；slow-3：0.073–0.198 Hz）进行基于图论的网络分析。计算节点度量（例如节点度中心性、介数中心性和节点效率）。我们的结果表明，（1）振荡频率对节点指标的不同影响，特别是对节点度中心性和节点效率的影响，前腹侧新皮质和下皮质在低振荡频率内具有高节点指标，而后外侧新皮质在相对范围内具有高值。观察到高振荡频率，直观地表明网络在PD中受到扰动；(2)早期PD患者相对保留了淋巴结特性，而MPD患者则表现出广泛的异常，这在所有三个振荡频率内都一致检测到；(3)MPD患者在慢5振荡频率内可特异性观察到基底节受累；(4) 逻辑回归和受试者工作特征曲线分析表明，一些振荡特异性的淋巴结改变能够在个体水平上很好地区分 PD 患者与对照组或 MPD 与 EPD 患者；(5)高频(slow-3)枕骨破坏对以运动不能和强直为主的运动障碍有显着影响。耦合各种振荡可以为大规模网络提供潜在有用的信息，并且在早期到中期的 PD 患者中观察到进行性振荡特异性节点改变。