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The autophagy protein ATG9A promotes HIV-1 infectivity
Retrovirology ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-03 , DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0480-3
Elodie Mailler , Abdul A. Waheed , Sang-Yoon Park , David C. Gershlick , Eric O. Freed , Juan S. Bonifacino

AbstractBackgroundNef is a multifunctional accessory protein encoded by HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV that plays critical roles in viral pathogenesis, contributing to viral replication, assembly, budding, infectivity and immune evasion, through engagement of various host cell pathways. ResultsTo gain a better understanding of the role of host proteins in the functions of Nef, we carried out tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry analysis, and identified over 70 HIV-1 Nef-interacting proteins, including the autophagy-related 9A (ATG9A) protein. ATG9A is a transmembrane component of the machinery for autophagy, a catabolic process in which cytoplasmic components are degraded in lysosomal compartments. Pulldown experiments demonstrated that ATG9A interacts with Nef from not only HIV-1 and but also SIV (cpz, smm and mac). However, expression of HIV-1 Nef had no effect on the levels and localization of ATG9A, and on autophagy, in the host cells. To investigate a possible role for ATG9A in virus replication, we knocked out ATG9A in HeLa cervical carcinoma and Jurkat T cells, and analyzed virus release and infectivity. We observed that ATG9A knockout (KO) had no effect on the release of wild-type (WT) or Nef-defective HIV-1 in these cells. However, the infectivity of WT virus produced from ATG9A-KO HeLa and Jurkat cells was reduced by ~ fourfold and eightfold, respectively, relative to virus produced from WT cells. This reduction in infectivity was independent of the interaction of Nef with ATG9A, and was not due to reduced incorporation of the viral envelope (Env) glycoprotein into the virus. The loss of HIV-1 infectivity was rescued by pseudotyping HIV-1 virions with the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein.ConclusionsThese studies indicate that ATG9A promotes HIV-1 infectivity in an Env-dependent manner. The interaction of Nef with ATG9A, however, is not required for Nef to enhance HIV-1 infectivity. We speculate that ATG9A could promote infectivity by participating in either the removal of a factor that inhibits infectivity or the incorporation of a factor that enhances infectivity of the viral particles. These studies thus identify a novel host cell factor implicated in HIV-1 infectivity, which may be amenable to pharmacologic manipulation for treatment of HIV-1 infection.

中文翻译:

自噬蛋白 ATG9A 促进 HIV-1 感染性

AbstractBackgroundNef 是一种由 HIV-1、HIV-2 和 SIV 编码的多功能辅助蛋白,在病毒发病机制中起关键作用,通过参与各种宿主细胞途径促进病毒复制、组装、出芽、感染性和免疫逃避。结果为了更好地了解宿主蛋白在 Nef 功能中的作用,我们进行了串联亲和纯化-质谱分析,并鉴定了 70 多种 HIV-1 Nef 相互作用蛋白,包括自噬相关 9A (ATG9A) 蛋白. ATG9A 是自噬机制的跨膜成分,自噬是一种分解代谢过程,其中细胞质成分在溶酶体区室中降解。下拉实验表明,ATG9A 不仅与 HIV-1 的 Nef 相互作用,而且与 SIV(cpz、smm 和 mac)的 Nef 相互作用。然而,HIV-1 Nef 的表达对宿主细胞中 ATG9A 的水平和定位以及自噬没有影响。为了研究 ATG9A 在病毒复制中的可能作用,我们在 HeLa 宫颈癌和 Jurkat T 细胞中敲除 ATG9A,并分析了病毒释放和感染性。我们观察到 ATG9A 敲除 (KO) 对这些细胞中野生型 (WT) 或 Nef 缺陷型 HIV-1 的释放没有影响。然而,相对于由 WT 细胞产生的病毒,由 ATG9A-KO HeLa 和 Jurkat 细胞产生的 WT 病毒的感染性分别降低了约四倍和八倍。这种传染性的降低与 Nef 与 ATG9A 的相互作用无关,也不是由于病毒包膜 (Env) 糖蛋白掺入病毒的减少所致。通过用水泡性口炎病毒 G 糖蛋白假型 HIV-1 病毒粒子来挽救 HIV-1 感染性的丧失。结论这些研究表明 ATG9A 以 Env 依赖性方式促进 HIV-1 感染性。然而,Nef 与 ATG9A 的相互作用并不是 Nef 增强 HIV-1 感染性所必需的。我们推测 ATG9A 可以通过参与去除抑制传染性的因素或加入增强病毒颗粒传染性的因素来促进传染性。因此,这些研究确定了一种与 HIV-1 感染性有关的新型宿主细胞因子,它可能适用于治疗 HIV-1 感染的药物操作。然而,Nef 与 ATG9A 的相互作用并不是 Nef 增强 HIV-1 感染性所必需的。我们推测 ATG9A 可以通过参与去除抑制传染性的因素或加入增强病毒颗粒传染性的因素来促进传染性。因此,这些研究确定了一种与 HIV-1 感染性有关的新型宿主细胞因子,它可能适用于治疗 HIV-1 感染的药物操作。然而,Nef 与 ATG9A 的相互作用并不是 Nef 增强 HIV-1 感染性所必需的。我们推测 ATG9A 可以通过参与去除抑制传染性的因素或加入增强病毒颗粒传染性的因素来促进传染性。因此,这些研究确定了一种与 HIV-1 感染性有关的新型宿主细胞因子,它可能适用于治疗 HIV-1 感染的药物操作。
更新日期:2019-07-03
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