Vaccination against retroviruses is a challenge because of their ability to stably integrate into the host genome, undergo long-term latency in a proportion of infected cells and thereby escape immune response. Since clearance of the virus is almost impossible once infection is established, the primary goal is to achieve sterilizing immunity. Besides efficacy, safety is the major issue since vaccination has been associated with increased infection or reversion to pathogenicity. In this review, we discuss the different issues that we faced during the development of an efficient vaccine against bovine leukemia virus (BLV). We summarize the historical failures of inactivated vaccines, the efficacy and safety of a live-attenuated vaccine and the economical constraints of further industrial development.

中文翻译：

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BLV：疫苗开发的经验教训

针对逆转录病毒的疫苗接种是一项挑战，因为它们能够稳定地整合到宿主基因组中，在一定比例的受感染细胞中经历长期潜伏期，从而逃避免疫反应。由于一旦感染建立几乎不可能清除病毒，因此主要目标是实现灭菌免疫。除了功效之外，安全性也是主要问题，因为疫苗接种与感染增加或致病性逆转有关。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了我们在开发针对牛白血病病毒 (BLV) 的有效疫苗过程中面临的不同问题。我们总结了灭活疫苗的历史失败、减毒活疫苗的有效性和安全性以及进一步工业发展的经济限制。