The power of peers: an effectiveness evaluation of a cluster-controlled trial of group antenatal care in rural Nepal,Reproductive Health

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The power of peers: an effectiveness evaluation of a cluster-controlled trial of group antenatal care in rural Nepal
Reproductive Health ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-22 , DOI: 10.1186/s12978-019-0820-8
Poshan Thapa ₁ , Alex Harsha Bangura ₂ , Isha Nirola ₃ , David Citrin _{4,

5,

6,

7,

8} , Bishal Belbase ₉ , Bhawana Bogati ₄ , B K Nirmala ₁₀ , Sonu Khadka ₄ , Lal Kunwar ₄ , Scott Halliday _{4,

6,

7,

8} , Nandini Choudhury _{4,

8} , Al Ozonoff _{11,

12} , Jasmine Tenpa ₁₃ , Ryan Schwarz _{4,

12,

14,

15} , Mukesh Adhikari ₁₆ , S P Kalaunee _{4,

17} , Sharon Rising ₁₈ , Duncan Maru _{4,

8,

19,

20,

21} , Sheela Maru _{4,

8,

19,

22}

Affiliation

University of New South Wales, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Lakewood Health System, Staples, MN, USA.
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Nyaya Health Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
University of Washington, Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, Seattle, WA, USA.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Arnhold Institute for Global Health, 1216 Fifth Avenue, Fifth Floor, Room 556, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
Karma Health, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Om Health Science Campus, Purbanchal University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Center for Patient Safety and Quality Research, Boston Children' Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Eastern University, College of Leadership and Development, St. Davids, PA, USA.
Group Care Global, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Department of Health Systems Design and Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Reducing the maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births globally is one of the Sustainable Development Goals. Approximately 830 women die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications every day. Almost 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. Increasing antenatal care quality and completion, and institutional delivery are key strategies to reduce maternal mortality, however there are many implementation challenges in rural and resource-limited settings. In Nepal, 43% of deliveries do not take place in an institution and 31% of women have insufficient antenatal care. Context-specific and evidence-based strategies are needed to improve antenatal care completion and institutional birth. We present an assessment of effectiveness outcomes for an adaptation of a group antenatal care model delivered by community health workers and midwives in close collaboration with government staff in rural Nepal. The study was conducted in Achham, Nepal, via a public private partnership between the Nepali non-profit, Nyaya Health Nepal, and the Ministry of Health and Population, with financial and technical assistance from the American non-profit, Possible. We implemented group antenatal care as a prospective non-randomized, cluster-controlled, type I hybrid effectiveness-implementation study in six village clusters. The implementation approach allowed for iterative improvement in design by making changes to improve the quality of the intervention. We evaluated effectiveness through a difference in difference analysis of institutional birth rates between groups prior to implementation of the intervention and 1 year after implementation. Additionally, we assessed the change in knowledge of key danger signs and the acceptability of the group model compared with individual visits in a nested cohort of women receiving home visit care and home visit care plus group antenatal care. Using a directed content and thematic approach, we analyzed qualitative interviews to identify major themes related to implementation. At baseline, there were 457 recently-delivered women in the six village clusters receiving home visit care and 214 in the seven village clusters receiving home visit care plus group antenatal care. At endline, there were 336 and 201, respectively. The difference in difference analysis did not show a significant change in institutional birth rates nor antenatal care visit completion rates between the groups. There was, however, a significant increase in both institutional birth and antenatal care completion in each group from baseline to endline. We enrolled a nested cohort of 52 participants receiving home visit care and 62 participants receiving home visit care plus group antenatal care. There was high acceptability of the group antenatal care intervention and home visit care, with no significant differences between groups. A significantly higher percentage of women who participated in group antenatal care found their visits to be ‘very enjoyable’ (83.9% vs 59.6%, p = 0.0056). In the nested cohort, knowledge of key danger signs during pregnancy significantly improved from baseline to endline in the intervention clusters only (2 to 31%, p < 0.001), while knowledge of key danger signs related to labor and childbirth, the postpartum period, and the newborn did not in either intervention or control groups. Qualitative analysis revealed that women found that the groups provided an opportunity for learning and discussion, and the groups were a source of social support and empowerment. They also reported an improvement in services available at their village clinic. Providers noted the importance of the community health workers in identifying pregnant women in the community and linking them to the village clinics. Challenges in birth planning were brought up by both participants and providers. While there was no significant change in institutional birth and antenatal care completion at the population level between groups, there was an increase of these outcomes in both groups. This may be secondary to the primary importance of community health worker involvement in both of these groups. Knowledge of key pregnancy danger signs was significantly improved in the home visit plus group antenatal care cohort compared with the home visit care only group. This initial study of Nyaya Health Nepal’s adapted group care model demonstrates the potential for impacting women’s antenatal care experience and should be studied over a longer period as an intervention embedded within a community health worker program. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02330887 , registered 01/05/2015, retroactively registered.

更新日期：2019-10-22

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