Obesity is an uncontrolled global epidemic and one of the leading global public health challenges. Maternal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may adversely program offspring’s adiposity, suggesting a specialized role of PM2.5 pollution in the global obesity epidemic. However, the vulnerable window for this adverse programming and how it is cross-generationally transmitted have not been determined. Therefore, in the present study, female C57Bl/6 J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) during different periods, and the development and adulthood adiposity of their four-generational offspring were assessed. Our data show that the pre-conceptional but not gestational exposure to CAP was sufficient to cause male but not female offspring’s low birth weight, accelerated postnatal weight gain, and increased adulthood adiposity. These adverse developmental traits were transmitted into the F2 offspring born by the female but not male F1 offspring of CAP-exposed dams. In contrast, no adverse development was noted in the F3 offspring. The present study identified a pre-conceptional window for the adverse programming of adiposity by maternal exposure to PM2.5, and showed that it was maternally transmitted into the third generation. These data not only call special attention to the protection of women from exposure to PM2.5, but also may facilitate the development of intervention to prevent this adverse programming.

中文翻译：

---

通过母体暴露于浓缩的环境PM _2.5来进行肥胖的发育性编程，将其母体传播到小鼠模型的第三代中

肥胖是一种不受控制的全球流行病，也是全球主要的公共卫生挑战之一。孕产妇接触环境细颗粒物（PM2.5）可能会对后代的肥胖产生不利影响，这表明PM2.5污染在全球肥胖病流行中具有特殊作用。但是，尚未确定该不利编程的脆弱窗口以及如何跨代传输。因此，在本研究中，雌性C57Bl / 6 J小鼠在不同时期暴露于过滤空气（FA）或浓环境PM2.5（CAP），并评估了其四代后代的发育和成年肥胖。我们的数据表明，受孕前（而非孕期）暴露于CAP足以引起雄性而非雌性后代的低出生体重，加速产后体重增加，并增加了成年肥胖。这些不利的发育特征被传播到CAP暴露的水坝的雌性而不是雄性F1后代所生的F2后代中。相反，在F3后代中没有观察到不利的发展。本研究确定了母体暴露于PM2.5对肥胖产生不利影响的先入为主的窗口，并表明它已母体传播到第三代。这些数据不仅要求特别注意保护妇女免于暴露于PM2.5，而且还可以促进制定干预措施以防止这种不利的编程。在F3后代中没有发现不利的发展。本研究确定了母体暴露于PM2.5对肥胖产生不利影响的先入为主的窗口，并表明它已母体传播到第三代。这些数据不仅要求特别注意保护妇女免于暴露于PM2.5，而且还可以促进制定干预措施以防止这种不利的编程。在F3后代中没有发现不利的发展。本研究确定了母体暴露于PM2.5对肥胖产生不利影响的先入为主的窗口，并表明它已母体传播到第三代。这些数据不仅要求特别注意保护妇女免于暴露于PM2.5，而且还可以促进制定干预措施以防止这种不利的编程。